to privacy spans several centuries. Numerous legal and societal developments are involved. Ancient societies like Greece and Rome, where people were required to keep their personal concerns confidential, are where the idea of privacy first emerged. The stepping stone to a right to privacy, Brandeis and Warren asserted, was what they described as a then-existing common law right for a person to decide if, when, and to what extent his “thoughts, sentiments, and emotions [would] be communicated to others.12” In the 1960s, the right to privacy took on a new dimension with the rise of the civil rights movement and the feminist movement. These movements sought to expand the definition of privacy to include the right to personal autonomy, freedom of choice, and control over one’s own body. The problem of privacy protection has been made more difficult by the interconnectedness of AI systems that optimise every element of our lives, including our genomes, faces, finances, emotions, and environment. As the digital world expands, there is an increased risk of cybercrime, online abuse, and challenges to civil freedoms. Traditional laws and constitutional principles have been put to the test by the digital age, and there is a rising demand for new legal frameworks that can take these changes into account. The proliferation of AI technologies has impacted most of the spheres of our lives. ‘A significant impact of AI is its potential to amplify discrimination and undermine the right to fair treatment. Many AI systems have been shown to exhibit biased decision-making based on data inputs that reflect societal prejudices. In addition, data-driven systems can perpetuate biases and marginalise the social control mechanisms that govern human behaviour’.1313 The novel phase of Internet governance may deeply shake the current architecture of rights and freedoms. Legal Framework In India, the protection of privacy is mandated by numerous piecemeal judicial and legislative developments in the lack of statutory law. India does not have a specific, comprehensive law dedicated solely to the right to privacy. However, the right to privacy is recognised as a fundamental right under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. The constitutional right to privacy in India is subject to a number of restrictions. These restrictions have been culled out through the interpretation of various provisions and judgements14 of the Supreme Court of India. The Indian judiciary has consistently upheld the right to privacy as an integral part of the right to life and personal liberty. The right to life within Article 21 is freely interpreted and, therefore, it includes all aspects of life that make a person’s life more meaningful and the right to privacy is one of these rights. This issue was first raised in Kharak Singh v. the state of U.P,15 Samuel D. Warren and Louis D. Brandeis, 4 HARv. L. REv. 193 (1890) CJI DY Chandrachud, speaking at the 60th Convocation Ceremony of Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Madras 14 Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India, AIR 1978 SC 597 15 AIR 1963 SC 1295 12 13 Journal of the National Human Rights Commission, Vol. 22, 2023 87