Chapter 2: Endnotes 1. Australian Human Rights Commission, (February 2019) Free & Equal Issues Paper: An Australian conversation on human rights, Sydney, p. 20, <https://humanrights.gov. au/our-work/rights-and-freedoms/publications/freeand-equal-australian-conversation-human-rights-2019>. 2. Australian Human Rights Commission, (2020), Submission to Australia’s Third Universal Periodic Review, p. 6, <https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/ legal/submission/australias-third-universal-periodicreview>. 3. Human rights are written down in international agreements called ‘conventions’, ‘covenants’ and ‘treaties’. They reflect international agreement among the governments of the world about what human rights are, and how they should be protected and promoted. In addition to the ICCPR and ICESCR, Australia has signed up to other international human rights agreements that specify how human rights apply to certain groups of people or in particular situations. These include: • Convention on the Rights of the Child, agreed to by Australia in 1990 • Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, agreed to by Australia in 1983 • International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, agreed to by Australia in 1975 • Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, agreed to by Australia in 2008 • Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, agreed to by Australia in 1989 • International Labour Organisation Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention ILO 111 (which prohibits discrimination in employment), agreed to by Australia in 1973. 4. Preamble, Charter of the United Nations, 1945. 5. It is clearly understood that the internal governance arrangements within countries (such as states and territories) are not an excuse for failing to protect human rights. See for example Article 27 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. 6. Commonwealth of Australia, (September 2009), National Human Rights Consultation Report, p. 3, <https://alhr. org.au/wp/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/NationalHuman-Rights-Consultation-Report-2009-copy.pdf>. 7. Commonwealth of Australia, (September 2009), National Human Rights Consultation Report, Terms of Reference, p. 383, <https://alhr.org.au/wp/wp-content/ uploads/2018/02/National-Human-Rights-ConsultationReport-2009-copy.pdf>. See summary, Magarey K and Jordan R, Parliament and the protection of human rights, <https://www.aph.gov.au/about_parliament/ parliamentary_departments/parliamentary_library/ pubs/briefingbook43p/humanrightsprotection>. 8. 9. 44 Commonwealth of Australia, (September 2009), National Human Rights Consultation Report, p. xiii, pp. 5–7, <https://alhr.org.au/wp/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/ National-Human-Rights-Consultation-Report-2009-copy. pdf>. Commonwealth of Australia, (September 2009), National Human Rights Consultation Report, pp. 11–12, <https:// alhr.org.au/wp/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/NationalHuman-Rights-Consultation-Report-2009-copy.pdf>. 10. Commonwealth of Australia, (September 2009), National Human Rights Consultation Report, Recs 1–2, <https:// alhr.org.au/wp/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/NationalHuman-Rights-Consultation-Report-2009-copy.pdf>. 11. Commonwealth of Australia, (September 2009), National Human Rights Consultation Report, Rec 8, <https://alhr. org.au/wp/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/NationalHuman-Rights-Consultation-Report-2009-copy.pdf>. 12. Commonwealth of Australia, (September 2009), National Human Rights Consultation Report, Recs 17–31, <https:// alhr.org.au/wp/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/NationalHuman-Rights-Consultation-Report-2009-copy.pdf>. 13. Commonwealth of Australia, (September 2009), National Human Rights Consultation Report, Recs 7–8, <https:// alhr.org.au/wp/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/NationalHuman-Rights-Consultation-Report-2009-copy.pdf>. 14. This is referenced in a generalised manner on page 11 of Australia’s Human Rights Framework, noting that ‘the changes in this Framework are intended to have broad effect and to enhance the understanding of and respect for human rights in Australia. It is appropriate to review their effectiveness after a period in operation and look at whether other or additional measures are required.’ 15. Commonwealth of Australia, (September 2009), National Human Rights Consultation Report, pp. 263–264, <https://alhr.org.au/wp/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/ National-Human-Rights-Consultation-Report-2009-copy. pdf>. 16. Commonwealth of Australia, (September 2009), National Human Rights Consultation Report, Rec 7, and the Recommendation for a Statement of Compatibility, in Rec 6, <https://alhr.org.au/wp/wp-content/ uploads/2018/02/National-Human-Rights-ConsultationReport-2009-copy.pdf>. 17. Commonwealth of Australia, (September 2009), National Human Rights Consultation Report, Rec 2, <https://alhr. org.au/wp/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/NationalHuman-Rights-Consultation-Report-2009-copy.pdf>. 18. WHK Horwath, (August 2010), Coalition Election Policy, <http://media.news.com.au/multimedia/2010/08/ election/coalitioncostings.pdf>. 19. Australian Human Rights Commission, (21 October 2009), President Speech: The National Human Rights Consultation: Outcomes, (web page), <https:// humanrights.gov.au/about/news/speeches/presidentspeech-national-human-rights-consultation-outcomes>. 20. Attorney-General’s Department, (April 2010), Australia’s Human Rights Framework, p. 3, <https://nswbar.asn.au/ circulars/2010/april/hr.pdf>. 21. Commonwealth of Australia, (September 2009), National Human Rights Consultation Report, Rec 1, <https://alhr. org.au/wp/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/NationalHuman-Rights-Consultation-Report-2009-copy.pdf>. The Australian Government committed to providing $18.3 million over 4 years towards implementing the measures in the framework: Attorney-General’s Department, (April 2010), Australia’s Human Rights Framework, p. 4, <https://nswbar.asn.au/circulars/2010/april/hr.pdf>. 22. World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna, (25 June 1993), Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, <https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/ instruments/vienna-declaration-and-programmeaction>. FREE & EQUAL: Revitalising Australia’s Commitment to Human Rights