for human rights and fundamental freedoms. They Article 14 further agree that education shall enable all persons to participate effectively in a free society, promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations and all racial, ethnic or religious groups, and further the activities of the United Nations for the 2. The States that, Parties to with view a the present to Covenant achieving the full (a) Primary education available free to all; Secondary implementation, within a reasonable number of years, to be fixed in the plan, of the principle of compulsory education free of charge for all. realization of this right: (b) its jurisdiction compulsory primary education, free of charge, undertakes, within two years, to work out and adopt a detailed plan of action for the progressive maintenance of peace. recognize Each State Party to the present Covenant which, atthe time of becoming a Party, has not been able to secure in its metropolitan territory or other territories under shall education in be compulsory its different and forms, including education, technical and shall be made vocational secondary generally available and accessible to all by every appropriate means, Article 15 1. The States Parties to the recognize the right of everyone: present Covenant (a) To take part in cultural life; and in particular by the progressive introduction of free (b) To enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its education; applications; (c) Higher education shall be made equally accessible to all, on the basis of capacity, by every appropriate means, and in particular by the progressive (c) To benefit from the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author. Introduction of free education; 2. The steps to be taken (d) Fundamental education shall be encouraged or by the States Parties to persons who the present Covenant to achieve the full realization of this right shall include those necessary for the have not received or completed the whole period of conservation, the development and the diffusion of their primary education; science and culture. intensified as far as possible for those (e) The development of a system of schools atall levels shall be actively pursued, an adequate fellowship system shall be established, and the material conditions of teaching staff shall be continuously improved. 3. The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to have respect for the liberty of parents and, when applicable, legal guardians to choose for their children schools, other than those established by the public authorities, which conform to such minimum educational standards as may be laid down or approved by the State and to ensure the religious 3. The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to respect the freedom indispensable for scientific research and creative activity. 4. The States Parties tothe present Covenant recognize the benefits to be derived from the encouragement and development of international contacts and co- operation in the scientific and cultural fields. Part lV Article 16 and moral education of their children in conformity with their own convictions. 1. The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to submit in conformity with this part of 4. No part of this article shall be construed so as to interfere with the liberty of individuals and bodies to establish and direct educational institutions, subject always to the observance of the principles set forth in paragraph | of this article and to the requirement that the education given in such institutions shall conform to such minimum standards as may be laid down by the Covenant reports on the measures the State. copies 4 CHRP ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS HANDBOOK which they have adopted and the progress made in achieving the observance of the rights recognized herein. 2. (a) All reports shall be submitted General Nations, of the United to the Economic and to the who Social Secretary- shall transmit Council for