to prevent occupational accidents, illnesses, and work-related risks on fishing vessels. This includes risk assessment and management, training, and onboard guidance for fishers. Authorities are tasked with requiring vessel owners to establish onboard systems to prevent occupational hazards, injuries, and illnesses while taking into account the specific risks associated with the vessel. Vessel owners must ensure that every fisher onboard receives basic safety training recognized by a competent authority and that fishers are adequately trained and familiarized with equipment and procedures before using them or participating in operations. Furthermore, fishers' welfare benefits must not be less favorable than those enjoyed by other workers onshore. Fishers should have equal rights to social security. Fishers must also receive proper medical care and appropriate compensation in cases of illness, injury, or death resulting from work. These provisions are detailed in Articles 34 to 37 of the C188 Convention. While implementation can be challenging, member States can adopt progressive measures suited to their national conditions to achieve comprehensive social security for fishers. Many fishing vessel crew members cannot or do not have access to social insurance benefits. Under the C188 Convention, member States must adopt protection measures per their national laws. Fishers must receive appropriate medical care and compensation in the event of occupational accidents or work-related illnesses that align with the country's regulations. This protection can be implemented through employer liability systems, mandatory insurance, or national programs for occupational injury compensation and social welfare. (3) Insurance Fishing work at sea is highly risky, and the social protection for crew members on distant water fishing vessels remains inadequate. The NHRC’s Road to Migrant Fishers’ Rights special report reveals that migrant fishers employed domestically are covered by labor insurance, occupational 62