‘Australia: Protect At-Risk Communities from Covid-19’ Human Rights Watch (Web Page, August 2021) <https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/08/19/australia-protect-risk-communities-covid-19#>; ‘Australia: Prisoners Denied Vaccine Access’ Human Rights Watch (Web Page, September 2021) <https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/09/01/australia-prisoners-deniedvaccine-access>; Denham Sadler, ‘Delays in vaccinating prisoners’ The Saturday Paper (online, 12 June 2021) https://www.thesaturdaypaper.com.au/news/politics/2021/06/12/delays-vaccinating-prisoners/162342000011860. 16 Anthea Vogl, ’How many people in immigration detention have been vaccinated? Home Affairs won’t tell us’, The Conversation, 23 August 2021 <How many people in immigration detention have been vaccinated? Home Affairs won’t tell us (theconversation.com)>. 17 Australian Border Force, Statement on the management of COVID-19 in the detention network in Melbourne, 29 November 2021 <Statement on the management of COVID-19 in the detention network in Melbourne (abf.gov.au)>; 18 Australian Human Rights Commission, Management of COVID-19 risks in immigration detention (June 2021) <https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/asylum-seekers-and-refugees/publications/management-covid-19-risks-immigrationdetention>. 19 Human Rights Council, Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review: Australia, 47th sess, UN Doc A/HRC/47/8 (24 March 2021). 20 United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Concluding observations on fifth periodic report on Australia, 61st sess, UN Doc E/C.12/Aus/CO/5 (11 July 2017), [15-16]. 21 United Nations General Assembly, Outcome document of the high-level plenary meeting of the General Assembly known as the World Conference on Indigenous Peoples, GA Res 69/2, UN Doc No A/69/L.1, [7]-[8] <https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/69/L.1>. Recommendations 136.75, 136.77, 136.84, 136.85. 22 This occurs through the operation of s51(xxvi) and s25. 23 Voluntary commitment by Australia: Human Rights Council, 31st session, Agenda Item 6. Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review: Australia (13 January 2016), UN Doc A/HRC/31/14 <https://undocs.org/A/HRC/31/14>. 24 National Indigenous Australians Agency, Indigenous Voice, <https://www.indigenous.gov.au/topics/indigenous-voice>. Processes since 2011 include the formation of the Expert Panel on Constitutional Recognition of Indigenous Australians, the Recognise Campaign established by Reconciliation Australia with funding from the Australian Government, the Joint Select Committee on Constitutional Recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples, the enactment of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples Recognition Act and the convening of the Referendum Council Dialogues. See: Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission to the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples for its Study on Recognition, Reparations and Reconciliation (29 February 2019) <https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/IPeoples/EMRIP/StudyRRR/Australia_NHRI1.pdf>. 25 Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission to the Joint Select Committee on Constitutional Recognition relating to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples (29 July 2018). <https://www.aph.gov.au/DocumentStore.ashx?id=81afbee8-381f-40a4-a758b1384881e633&subId=658933>. 26 National Indigenous Australians Agency, Closing the Gap: Report 2020 (February 2020) 11 <https://ctgreport.niaa.gov.au/.> 27 National Indigenous Australians Agency, Closing the Gap: Report 2020 (February 2020) 65, 33 <https://ctgreport.niaa.gov.au/>. 28 Close the Gap Campaign, Close the Gap Report: Our Choices, Our Voices (2019) <https://www.humanrights.gov.au/ourwork/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-social-justice/publications/close-gap-report-our>. 29 Australian Human Rights Commission, Close the Gap (2021) 15 <https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/aboriginal-and-torresstrait-islander-social-justice/publications/close-gap-2021>. 30 National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation, A new way of working Talking about what’s needed to close the gap in life outcomes between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and other Australians <https://www.naccho.org.au/wpcontent/uploads/FINAL-discussion-booklet-a-new-way-of-working-09.09.pdf>. 31 SNAICC – National Voice for our Children, National Family Violence Prevention Legal Services Forum and National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Legal Services, Strong Families, Safe Kids: Family violence response and prevention for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and families (September 2017) <https://www.nationalfvpls.org/images/files/SNAICC-NATSILSNFVPLS_Strong_Families_Safe_Kids-Sep_2017.pdf>. 32 Australian Law Reform Commission, Pathways to Justice—An Inquiry into the Incarceration Rate of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples: Final Report (ALRC Report 133, March 2018) <https://www.alrc.gov.au/publication/pathways-to-justice-inquiryinto-the-incarceration-rate-of-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples-alrc-report-133/>. 33 SCRGSP (Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision) 2016, Overcoming Indigenous Disadvantage: Key Indicators 2016, Productivity Commission (2016) 4.98 and table 4A.12.13 <https://www.pc.gov.au/research/ongoing/overcomingindigenous-disadvantage/2016/report-documents/oid-2016-overcoming-indigenous-disadvantage-key-indicators-2016report.pdf>. 34 Australian Human Rights Commission, Wiyi Yani U Thangani: Securing our rights, securing our future report (October 2020) <https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-social-justice/publications/wiyi-yani-u-thangani>. 35 Australian Law Reform Commission, Connection to Country: Review of the Native Title Act 1993 (ALRC Report 126, June 2015) <https://www.alrc.gov.au/publication/connection-to-country-review-of-the-native-title-act-1993-cth-alrc-report-126/>. 15 12