71 In Search of Credible Elections and Parties: The Philippine Paradox Table 14: Average Turnover Rates for Governors and Representatives by Region, 1987-2010. CAR Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Region 4-A Region 4-B Region 5 Region 6 Region 7 Region 8 Region 9 Region 10 Region 11 Region 12 Region 13 ARMM National Average Turnover Rate for Governors, 19882010 2.67 1.25 2.00 1.86 2.60 3.00 2.33 2.00 2.50 2.17 2.00 2.60 2.00 2.25 1.50 1.80 2.16 Turnover Rate for Representatives, 1987-2010 2.17 1.38 1.60 1.30 2.00 2.20 2.39 1.78 1.21 1.85 1.59 1.80 1.50 1.88 2.13 2.70 1.84 Shifting to the congressional representatives, the regions showing the lowest turnover rates include Regions 7 and 3 (see Table 14).The long dominance of powerful families in their respective districts in Cebu and Negros Oriental and the complete control of the Fua family of Siquijor's lone district largely account for the low turnover rates in the region. Thus, the Negros congressional districts show an average turnover rate of only 1 while Cebu is at 1.5. However, Bohol shows a higher turnover rate of 2.33. On the other hand, Region 3 hosts some of the country's longest established political families such as those in Tarlac, Pampanga, Zambales, and relatively newer but stable families in Aurora, Bulacan, and Bataan. While it has the country's biggest concentration of political families, inter-elite competition is moderated at the congressional districts because each family has developed its own turf and power base. The regions which show the highest turnover rates for congressional districts are the ARMM and Region 5 (see Table 14). Sharing some common structural features, the provinces in both regions are some of the poorest in the whole country. Using HDI rankings, the ARMM provinces show the worst outcomes in the country while four of the six provinces in Region 5 (Camarines Norte, Catanduanes, Masbate, and Sorsogon) cluster in the lowest one third of