215 Index “Sanctions” point of view of accountability, 73 Sanggunian(s), v sectoral representatives, 167 Santiago, Rafael, PNP Senior Superintendent, 86 Sarangani, 73 Sartori, Giovani, 1, 74, 77, 79 Satisfaction ratings of Aquino, Ramos, Estrada and Arroyo (1986-2009), comparison of, 132 Schaffer, Frederic Charles, 86 Schmitter, Philippe C., 2, 7, 11, 14, 16, 18, 32, 47, 50, 85, 106, 179, 182-183, 195 Schmitter-Karl formulation of modern democracy, 17 Scholars and scholarships, xi-xii Schumpeter, Joseph A., 7, 10-11 Schumpeterian formulation, ix view of democracy, ix, 11, 13 Scout Rangers, 98 Scully, Timothy R., 73 Secessionist armed struggle, 34 Security Sector Reform Index, five dimensions, 113 Security sector governance (Philippines), 113 Security sector, composition, 113 Sen, Amartya, 9, 11, 14, 32, 44, 104, 107, 122 Senatorial and local elections (2007), 49 Separation of powers, 100-101, 107-109, 114, 129 Serrano, Melissa, 146 Shaken (pagpag), 45 Shaving (dagdag-bawas), 56 Shue, Vivienne, 87 Shugart, Matthew Soberg, 76, 189 Simbulan, Dante C., 48, 59 Sin, Jaime Cardinal, 98, 121 Sinco, Vicente G., 107, 120 Singapore, viii Singson, Luis “Chavit,” Ilocos Sur Governor, 120, 158 Siquijor, 67, 69, 71-72, 87 Skaar, Elin, 101 Slaves, 5 Smartmatic-TIM, 56-57, 86 “Snap elections,” 97 Social networking sites, 149 Social Reform Agenda, 178-179 Social Weather Stations (SWS), 29-30, 178 survey (2009), 145, 165 Socialist Party, 75 Society(ies), 60 “Soft state,” 99 Soliman, Corazon “Dinky,” Social Welfare Secretary, 151, 157 Somalia, viii Sorsogon, 67, 71-72 Source code, 57, 86 South Cotabato, 72 South Korea, 3 Sovereign people citizenry, 9 Sovereignty, x, 17, 183 Spanish Cortes, 95 State and social forces, ideal-typical outcomes, 60 State and Society in the Philippines, 87 “State in society” framework, 60, 87 State of emergency (2006), 110 State(s), 60 State-society linkages, 61 “State-society” approaches, 87 Stefan, Alfred, 61, 101, 105 Stiglitz, Joseph E., 44 Stock market, 120 Stokes, Susan, 50 Stolle, Dietlind, 191 Street vendors, 149-150 Stuart Mill, John, 4 Substantive democracy, 102, 104-105, 122 Sudan, viii Suffrage, 5, 8 Sultan Kudarat, 69, 72 Sulu, 52, 54, 72-73, 86-87 Supreme Court, 27, 33, 97, 112-114, 126 Surigao del Norte, 65, 70 Surigao del Sur, 65, 70, 72 Surveys of Philippine public opinion, 29, 31 Suspension of the writ of habeas corpus, 111112, 126 Sweden, viii Switzerland, viii, 5 SWS See Social Weather Stations SWS/AdMU See Social Weather Stations/Ateneo de Manila University Synchronized or simultaneous and staggered elections, 77 Syria, viii System of asymmetric federalism, 190 System of checks and balances, 100-101, 107109, 114, 129, 179 SysTest Lab, Inc., 58 T TAF See The Asia Foundation Tan, Alexander C., 48, 77 Tañada, Erin, Deputy Speaker, 127 Tarlac, 62, 65, 71, 87