178 Chasing the Wind: Assessing Philippine Democracy Notes 1 If we compare the changes in poverty levels with other late democratizers, Indonesia and Thailand, the former had a poverty incidence of 16.5% in 1990 and down to 13.33 in 2010, while the latter had a poverty incidence of 18% in 1990 and was down to 9.8 in 2002. Statistics from Minquan Liu and Yimeng Yin, Human Development in East and Southeast Asian Economies: 1990-2010. Downloaded from . October 4, 2010 and from the BadanPusatStatistik (Indonesia). Downloaded from http://dds.bps.go.id/eng/aboutus.php?id_subyek=23&tabel=1&fl=1. 2 The question on civil society organization membership was asked as part of the survey of all household members. The first four questions elicited the names of the household members; their sex; age; and the relationship of each household member to the respondent. As regards the choices in the showcard, these were (as arranged) the following: cooperatives; civic/voluntary associations (Red Cross, Jaycees); Church and religious organizations; sectoral organizations (such as women, youth, workers); professional organizations (such as teachers' associations; Integrated Bar of the Philippines, Philippine Medical Association, Philippine Nurses' Association); fisherfolk/farmers organizations; others. 3 The surveys were conducted for CODE-NGO, the lead organization for the Civil Society Index, by the Social Weather Stations. The national survey with a sample of 1,200 was conducted last October 1-4, 2009. The figure cited, 45.7% reporting “active” membership, is the projection for the adult Filipino population. The SWS survey, the questionnaire item was phrased as “I am going to read off a list of voluntary organisations. For each one, could you tell me whether you are an ACTIVE MEMBER, an INACTIVE MEMBER or NOT A MEMBER of that type of organization…” Written on shuffle cards shown to the respondents were 12 types of organizations, namely: Church or religious; sports or recreational; art, music or educational; labor union; political party; environmental; professional; humanitarian or civic; NGOs; POs; cooperatives; and consumer associations. 4 This would include CSOs that have bonded together in various Bantay Dagat (protection of coastal areas) or anti-mining (AlyansangTigil Mina) campaigns, just to mention a couple of examples. 5 Among the post-EDSA 1986 presidents, Fidel V. Ramos is said to have the penchant for summits and one summit that he convened, the National Summit on Poverty resulted in the formulation of the Social Reform Agenda and the subsequent establishment of the National Anti-Poverty Council (NAPC). 6 The program was accessed through http://www.changepoliticsmovement.net/2009/10/. 7 Anne Marie Karaos, email of July 3, 2011 to the author. Karaos further observed that CPM members find it difficult to think “in terms of political gains and costs” and the membership is “too altruistic and developmentoriented.”