103 The Never Ending Democratization of the Philippines The cases of the “Fertilizer Scandal”, NBN-ZTE controversy, and the recent expose about the armed forces' questionable budget item Provisions for Command Directed Activities; illustrate the corruption resulting from weak horizontal accountability. These cases also illustrate the employment of delegative notion of authority. Figure 1: DIAGRAM OF THE ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK Wipes out Horizontal Accountability Strong President Delegative Authority Weakens Source: Guillermo O'Donnell, “Delegative Democracy” in Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner (eds.) Democracy: A Reader (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009) pp. 32-46. Wiped out/ Weakened Horizontal Accountability Delegative Authority Bad Governance • Opaque • Uncontrollable • Unanswer -able Low Legitimacy & Low Performance Source: Guillermo O'Donnell, “Horizontal accountability in new democracies”, Journal of Democracy, 9:3, 1998. Key Concepts The concepts employed in the above thesis need to be defined. The most basic concepts of this study are “democracy”, “democratization” and “consolidated democracy”. There are two schools in comparative politics about the notion of democracy: the “procedural” and “substantive” notions. The procedural notion which is the dominant view emphasizes the electoral system as the essential feature of democracy. This is the view of Joseph Schumpeter (1954: 269-83) and Samuel Huntington (1991: 5-13). This view is claimed to be the minimalist definition which avoids the fuzziness of the concept and had thus won a wide acceptance by the 1970s (Huntington Ibid.).