Twin-track approach The previous section above has identified a number of specific circumstances that increase the risk of violence against disabled people. Responding to these risks requires a human rights approach. The NZ Disability strategy developed by disabled people to operationalise the UNCRPD in a domestic context includes a twin-track approach. Both tracks must be grounded in Te Tiriti, and so must be developed in partnership with tāngata whaikaha Māori and effectively meet their needs. There are two essential components of a twin-track approach: • track one: the accessibility of all relevant ‘mainstream’ services and processes • track two: the provision of specialist services and processes when required. Using research carried out across the sexual violence, family violence and disability sectors in Aotearoa, this section investigates the current situation drawing attention to the gaps. The results of each discrete study can be generalised across sectors.120 The information is presented using a twin track structure covering both ‘mainstream services and specialist services. The results of each discrete study can be generalised across sectors. The recommendation section suggests how these gaps can be addressed. Twin track one: gaps in the accessibility of all relevant mainstream services and processes Lack of data and evidence to inform effective responses As noted earlier in this report, there are large gaps in data about disabled people and experience of violence. The lack of understanding impedes the ability to respond. For example, in Aotearoa, very little is known about the help-seeking experiences of disabled people confronted by violence. There is some research into the help-seeking behaviours of women with experience of violence-related mental distress from an Aotearoa perspective,121 but little research (other than Roguski122 and Hobbs123) into the experiences of people in the wider disability sector, and none specifically about tāngata whaikaha Māori and Deaf people. Most research excludes people who live in the most precarious situations – such as in residential and retirement settings and those who require support to communicate with others. Not only is there a lack of research and data specifically focused on the experiences of tāngata whaikaha Māori and disabled people, but many are excluded from participating in generic surveys, the census and other research that may identify violence and abuse. This is, because their modes of communication are not being enabled, there is no use of NZSL, or because people lack the resources to participate. Recent research on digital inclusion and wellbeing in Aotearoa shows that tāngata whaikaha Māori and disabled people are among those who are the most digitally excluded.124 Further, in Aotearoa, no violence or related services routinely collect disability data. The lack of quantitative and qualitative data makes it very difficult to ascertain the full extent of the problem of violence against disabled people or the effectiveness of responses to victims and perpetrators.125 Acting now for a violence and abuse free future 39