governments. The most relevant reports that are referenced throughout this paper include: • OHCHR »» Report on the right to privacy in the digital age (30 June 2014)20 • Special Rapporteur on the right to privacy »» Report to the Human Rights Council providing an overview of the right to privacy (24 November 2016);21 »» Report to the Human Rights Council outlining first approaches to a more privacy-friendly oversight of government surveillance (24 February 2017)22 and »» Report to the General Assembly on Big Data and Open Data (19 October 2017).23 • Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism »» Report to the General Assembly examining the use of mass digital surveillance for counter-terrorism purposes and the implications of bulk access technology for the right to privacy (24 September 2014).24 »» Report to the General Assembly examining surveillance of electronic communications data in the counter-terrorism context (11 August 2017).25 • Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression »» Report to the Human Rights Council analysing the implications of States’ surveillance of communications on the exercise of the human rights to privacy and 20 Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, The Right to Privacy in the Digital Age, A/HRC/27/37 (30 June 2014) http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/DigitalAge/Pages/DigitalAgeIndex.aspx 21 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to privacy, Joseph A. Cannataci, A/HRC/31/64 (24 November 2016) https://documents-dds-ny. un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G16/262/26/PDF/G1626226.pdf?OpenElement. 22 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to privacy, Joseph A. Cannataci, A/HRC/34/60 (24 February 2017) para 25 http://www.ohchr. org/EN/Issues/Privacy/SR/Pages/AnnualReports.aspx. 23 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to privacy, Joseph A. Cannataci, A/72/34103 (19 October 2017) http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ Issues/Privacy/SR/Pages/AnnualReports.aspx. 24 Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, Ben Emmerson, A/69/397 (23 September 2014) https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/ UNDOC/GEN/N14/545/19/PDF/N1454519.pdf?OpenElement. 25 Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, Ben Emmerson, A/72/316 (11 August 2017) http://undocs.org/A/72/316. to freedom of opinion and expression (17 April 2013)26 »» Report to the Human Rights Council addressing the roles played by private actors engaged in the provision of Internet and telecommunications access and providing principles to guide the private sector on human rights in the digital sector and new modalities of surveillance (30 March 2017).27 International legal framework to regulate surveillance in cyberspace The Special Rapporteur on the right to privacy has collaborated with the European Union-supported Management Alternatives for Privacy, Property and Internet Government, otherwise known as the MAPPING project, on issues relating to the “protection of privacy in this age of ubiquitous surveillance.”28 The collaboration led to the development of a draft legal instrument on surveillance.29 The document is expected to be ready for consideration by the Human Rights Council by 2021 and may compromise “soft law” in the form of recommendations or an international multilateral treaty. 30 D7 – Digital Rights Working Group The New Zealand Government is to lead an international working group on digital rights, made up of New Zealand, United Kingdom, South Korea, Estonia and Israel, Uruguay and Canada.31 The Group’s aim is to enable the digital environment to meet human rights standards and protections through the creation of a multinational framework for digital rights.32 26 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, Frank La Rue, A/ HRC/23/40 (17 April 2013) 27 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, David Kaye, A/ HRC/35/22 (30 March 2017). http://ap.ohchr.org/documents/dpage_e. aspx?si=A/HRC/35/22. 28 https://mappingtheinternet.eu/about. 29 http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22762&LangID=E 30 See Statement by Mr. Joseph Cannataci, Special Rapporteur on the right to privacy, 6 March 2018, Human Rights Council 37th session, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22858&LangID=E 31 The group originally comprised of five countries, including New Zealand, known as the Digital 5. However, Uruguay and Canada joined in 2018. For more information see https://www.digital.govt.nz/digital-government/international-partnerships/d7-group-of-digital-nations/ 32 See https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/leading-digital-nations-putdigital-rights-heart-their-agenda 11