2 Context: Pacific Peoples in Aotearoa New Zealand 2.1 Defining the term ‘Pacific peoples’ For the purposes of this literature review, the term ‘Pacific peoples’ is used to refer to people in Aotearoa New Zealand who self-identify with at least one of the Pacific ethnic groups that have been identified by Statistics New Zealand. The data from the 2018 Census shows that there are 17 distinct ethnic groups in the Pacific classification category as well as an ‘Other’ group. The breakdown of these Pacific ethnic groups are as follows: Cook Islands Māori, Fijian, Hawaiian, i-Kiribati, Indigenous Australian, Kiribati, Nauruan, Niuean, Ni Vanuatu, Papua New Guinean, Pitcairn Islander, Rotuman, Samoan, Solomon Islander, Tahitian, Tokelauan, Tongan and Tuvaluan.1 The breakdown of these Pacific ethnic groups in order of size is as follows: Samoan (47.9 percent), Tongan (21.6 percent), Cook Islands Māori (21.1 percent), Niuean (8.1 percent), Fijian (5.2 percent), Tokelauan (2.3 percent), Tuvaluan (1.2 percent), i-Kiribati (0.8 percent), Tahitian (0.5 percent), Papua New Guinean (0.3 percent), Ni Vanuatu (0.3 percent), Rotuman (0.2 percent), Indigenous Australian (0.2 percent), Solomon Islander (0.2 percent), Hawaiian (0.1 percent), Pitcairn Islander (0.05 percent) and Nauruan (0.03 percent).2 The Inquiry adopts the term ‘Pacific peoples’ due to the fact that this term is used by Statistics New Zealand and employers to collect data sets that are integral to the Inquiry’s work. However, it is acknowledged that this term is not universally used and that other terms such as ‘Pasifika’, ‘Pasefika’3 and ‘Moana Oceania’4 are also used elsewhere. This Inquiry also uses the term ‘Pākehā’ rather than Pacific terms for people of European descent such as ‘Papālagi’ (Samoan) or ‘Pālangi’ (Tongan). This is because Pākehā is the most widely used and recognised name to describe people of European descent in Aotearoa New Zealand. 2.2 Multiple Pacific migrations to Aotearoa New Zealand Pacific peoples’ migration stories of coming to Aotearoa New Zealand are important as they provide insight into how Pacific peoples both arrived in and experience their lives within Aotearoa New Zealand. Pacific peoples had four waves of migration to Aotearoa New Zealand. The first wave of migration took place approximately 1,200 years ago when Eastern Pacific peoples explored and settled in Aotearoa to become Tangata Whenua. This cemented Pacific peoples as extended family to Māori and created bonds and relationships through culture and genealogy across Te Moana Nui a Kiwa (greater Oceania kinship connections).5 The second and third waves of migration are deeply tied to the European colonisation of the Pacific. New Zealand officially colonised Samoa from 1920–62, the Cook Islands from 1901–65, Niue from 1901–74 and Tokelau from 1926 to the present, with Niue and the Cook Islands remaining protectorates of New Zealand.6 In the second wave of migration 150 years ago, Pacific peoples arrived in Aotearoa as trainee teachers, missionaries, sailors and whalers. 1 https://www.stats.govt.nz/tools/2018-census-ethnic-group-summaries/pacific-peoples-not-further-defined. 2 https://www.stats.govt.nz/tools/2018-census-ethnic-group-summaries/pacific-peoples-not-further-defined. Those who identified as ‘Other’ comprised 0.8 percent of responses. 3 https://pasifika.tki.org.nz/LEAP/Glossary#P. 4 https://www.lagi-maama.com/whymoanaoceania. 5 Health Research Council of New Zealand. Pacific Health Research Guidelines. Auckland: Health Research Council of New Zealand, 2014, 2-3. https://gateway.hrc.govt.nz/funding/downloads/Pacific_health_research_guidelines.pdf; Health Quality & Safety Commission. Bula Sautu – A Window https://gateway.hrc.govt.nz/funding/downloads/Pacific_health_research_ guidelines.pdf; Health Quality & Safety Commission. Bula Sautu – A Window on Quality 2021: Pacific Health in the Year of COVID-19. Wellington: Health Quality & Safety Commission, 2021, 9-10. 6 Te Punga Somerville, Alice. Once Were Pacific: Māori Connections to Oceania. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2012, xxii. Pacific Pay Gap Inquiry Literature Review 5