Institutional habit, or how a company/institution does things based on their foundational value systems, has also been found to contribute significant barriers to the recruitment and retention of minorities.178 Institutional habit is enacted on the implicit and invisible expectations in behaviours from employees that are not always clearly communicated.179 These invisible expectations result in hiring and retention practices that often reflect the bias of employers.180 Pacific workers are often aware of institutional habits and become anxious about practising their culture at work in case it impacts their ability to earn an income.181 Moreover, Pacific workers have indicated that they are not always successful in building the relationships they desire to have with their employers or managers and would like to explore ways that this can be remedied.182 5.1.2 Pacific peoples’ experiences with workplace health and safety issues Pacific workers may not speak up about health and safety issues when an employer expects them to, which has contributed to Pacific peoples being less likely to report minor injuries, near misses and dangerous situations.183 This also means that Pacific workers may also be more willing to perform potentially dangerous duties outside their typical roles.184 Health and safety are also a concern for Pacific workers as the fear of losing their job often serves as a motivator for completing jobs faster as opposed to doing so in a safe manner.185 This can be tied to institutional habits that may not understand that 28 health and safety are considered a collective and holistic matter within Pacific cultures alongside spiritual and family wellness186 and is not only a matter of individual safety.187 A different understanding of workplace safety means that resolutions for workplace safety should operate differently. For Pacific workers, it may be more consultative, whereas in non-Pacific settings, it may be more confrontational.188 An example of these differing approaches would be a meeting where health and safety is discussed with only management input in comparison to a talanoa over lunch where everybody participates in the discussion. Feilo suggests that a talanoa style discussion could lead to better engagement from Pacific peoples with health and safety policies.189 The cultural disconnect where silence is seen as a more respectful form of engagement by Pacific peoples in some situations can result in unsafe workplaces where Pacific workers fail to report health and safety concerns out of fear of job loss. The impact of institutional habit on health and safety and Pacific peoples is also reflected in ACC claims. A Radio New Zealand investigation found that Pacific peoples make up about 8 percent of the population of New Zealand but account for only around 6 percent of ACC claims lodged annually and 5 percent of claims costs.190 ACC noted that Pacific peoples’ experiences with interpersonal, institutional or systemic racism has a role to play in Pacific peoples’ injury risk and that long-standing inequitable working conditions for Pacific men are reflected, with 61 percent of Pacific ACC claims from men.191 Additionally, institutional habits can impact 178 Ahmed, On Being Included, 40. 179 Ahmed, On Being Included, 38; Auckland Co-design Lab, The Attitude Gap Challenge, 65. 180 Bendick, Mark, and Ana Paula Nunes. “Developing the Research Basis for Controlling Bias In Hiring.” Journal of Social Issues 68 (2013): 242-243; Auckland Co-design Lab, The Attitude Gap Challenge, 45. 181 Department of Labour, In Harm’s Way, 39. 182 Tupou, “The Effect of the Glass Ceiling,” 47-49, 53, 55. 183 Chen, National Culture, 42; Department of Labour, In Harm’s Way, 31-32. 184 Chen, National Culture, 42-43. 185 Chen, National Culture, 42; Bust, Philip, Alistair Gibb, and Sarah Pink. “Managing Construction Health and Safety: Migrant Workers and Communicating Safety Messages.” Safety Science 46, no. 4 (2008): 599. 186 For an understanding of collectivist and holistic conceptualisations of health in Pacific cultures, see: Pulotu-Endemann, Fuimaono Karl. Fonofale: Model of Health. Pacific Models for Health Promotion. Wellington: Health Promotion Forum, 2009. 187 Chen, National Culture, 9. 188 Chen, National Culture, 47-48. 189 Feilo, “Talanoa,” 63. 190 Bradley, Anusha. “ACC Biased Against Women, Māori and Pasifika – Agency’s Own Analysis Shows.” Radio New Zealand. June 21, 2021. https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/445178/acc-biased-against-women-Māori-and-pasifika-agency-s-ownanalysis-shows. 191 Powell, Emma. ACC’s Delivery to Priority Populations: Part 2 - Pāsifika Peoples. Wellington: ACC, 2021, 1.