2. No exceptional circumstances whatsoever, whether a state of war or a threat of war, internal political instability or any other public emergency, may be invoked as a justification of torture. 3. An order from a superior officer or a public authority may not be invoked as a justification of torture.” Article 4 of the Convention against torture states: Each State Party shall ensure that all acts of torture are offences under its criminal law. The same shall apply to an attempt to commit torture and to an act by any person which constitutes complicity or participation in torture. Each State Party shall make these offences punishable by appropriate penalties which take into account their grave nature. Article 13 of the Convention against Torture requires that a state shall ensure that victims of torture have the right to bring a complaint and have this case promptly and impartially examined by competent authorities. It should be emphasized that the Convention against Torture contains both negative and positive obligations. This means that State Parties must not only prohibit torture, but also implement appropriate preventive measures and ensure that victims can access effective remedies. But Bangladesh made reservation to Article 14 of the Convention against Torture which imposes obligation on State Parties to pay fair and adequate compensation to the victims. 26