18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Department of Home Affairs, Answers to Questions
on Notice, Senate Standing Committee on Legal and
Constitutional Affairs (Additional Budget Estimates,
14 February 2022, AE22-274 <https://www.aph.gov.
au/api/qon/downloadattachment?attachmentId=e0f
24aab-cac4-449e-a32e-e51bde9b08ab>.
Migration Act 1958 (Cth) s 5(1), definition of
‘immigration detention’, paragraph (b)(v).
Dr Andrew Burridge & Daniel Ghezelbash, Mapping
the Use of Hotels as Alternative Places of Detention
(APODs) (2022) <https://www.kaldorcentre.unsw.edu.
au/mapping-use-hotels-alternative-places-detentionapods>.
Commonwealth Ombudsman and Australian Human
Rights Commissioner, Joint Statement on the use of
Hotels as Alternative Places of Detention (7 October
2022) <https://www.ombudsman.gov.au/__data/
assets/pdf_file/0017/115280/Joint-Statement-onhotel-APODs.pdf>.
Australian Border Force, Answers to Questions on
Notice, Senate Standing Committee on Legal and
Constitutional Affairs (Budget Estimates, October
2022), OBE22-185 <https://www.aph.gov.au/api/qon/
downloadattachment?attachmentId=ad80bf2f-3952460f-b1e4-e2ec188852ff>.
Australian Border Force, Answers to Questions on
Notice, Senate Standing Committee on Legal and
Constitutional Affairs (Budget Estimates, October
2022), OBE22-160 <https://www.aph.gov.au/api/qon/
downloadattachment?attachmentId=b422f75d-67eb4517-84b2-74bd1d970842>.
Dr Andrew Burridge & Daniel Ghezelbash, Mapping
the Use of Hotels as Alternative Places of Detention
(APODs) (2022) <https://www.kaldorcentre.unsw.edu.
au/mapping-use-hotels-alternative-places-detentionapods>.
Australian Human Rights Commission, Inspections
of Australia’s immigration detention facilities 2019
Report (December 2020) <https://humanrights.gov.
au/sites/default/files/document/publication/ahrc_
immigration_detention_inspections_2019_.pdf>.
Ibid.
Australian Human Rights Commission, Human Rights
Standards for Immigration Detention (2013) <https://
humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/document/
publication/HR_standards_immigration_detention.
pdf>.
Department of Home Affairs, Immigration Detention
and Community Statistics Summary (December
2022, released 10 February 2023), 4 <https://
www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-stats/files/
immigration-detention-statistics-31-december-2022.
pdf>.
Ibid, Table 4.
Department of Immigration and Citizenship,
Immigration Detention Statistics Summary (31 July
2013), 3 <https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/researchand-stats/files/immigration-detention-statisticsjuly2013.pdf>; Dr Andrew Burridge & Daniel
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
Ghezelbash, Mapping the Use of Hotels as Alternative
Places of Detention (APODs) (2022) <https://www.
kaldorcentre.unsw.edu.au/mapping-use-hotelsalternative-places-detention-apods>.
Ibid, Table 22.
See, for example, Australian Human Rights
Commission, Inspections of Australia’s immigration
detention facilities 2019 Report (December 2020),
84 <https://humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/
files/document/publication/ahrc_immigration_
detention_inspections_2019_.pdf>; Australian
Human Rights Commission, Management of
COVID-19 risks in immigration detention (2021), 46
<https://humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/
document/publication/ahrc_covid-19_immigration_
detention_2021.pdf>; Commonwealth Ombudsman
& Australian Human Rights Commissioner, Joint
Statement on the use of Hotels as Alternative Places of
Detention (7 October 2022) <https://humanrights.
gov.au/sites/default/files/document/publication/
HR_standards_immigration_detention.pdf>.
Commonwealth Ombudsman & Australian Human
Rights Commissioner, Joint Statement on the use of
Hotels as Alternative Places of Detention (7 October
2022) <https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/
asylum-seekers-and-refugees/publications/jointstatement-use-hotels-alternative-places>.
Ibid.
’Immigration Detention and Community Statistics
Summary’, Department of Home Affairs (Webpage,
March 2023) <https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/
research-and-stats/files/immigration-detentionstatistics-31-january-2023.pdf>.
UK Home Office, National statistics: How many people
are detained or returned? Immigration Statistics, year
ending December 2021. (March 2022) <https://www.
gov.uk/government/statistics/immigration-statisticsyear-ending-december-2021/how-many-peopleare-detained-or-returned>; Canada Border Services
Agency, Quarterly detention statistics: Second quarter
fiscal year 2021 to 2022 (Webpage, 28 April 2022)
<https://www.cbsa-asfc.gc.ca/security-securite/
detent/qstat-2021-2022-eng.html>.
Department of Home Affairs, Answers to Questions
on Notice, Senate Standing Committee on Legal
and Constitutional Affairs (Budget Estimates, 19–20
October 2020), BE20-341 <https://www.aph.gov.au/
api/qon/downloadattachment?attachmentId=43f3
de48-5558-46fa-9b20-e49ae2a3f2f7>.
See, eg, Zachary Steel et al, ‘Psychiatric Status
of Asylum Seeker Families Held for a Protracted
Period in a Remote Detention Centre in Australia’
(2004) 28(2) Australian and New Zealand Journal
of Public Health 23; M von Werthern et al, ‘The
Impact of Immigration Detention on Mental Health:
A systematic Review’ (2018) 18(1) BMC Psychiatry 382.
Australian Human Rights Commission, Inspections of
Australia’s immigration detention facilities 2019 Report
(December 2020), 134 <https://humanrights.gov.
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