Baseline Study on the Philippine Penal Conditions: Nurturing a Human Rights Based Approach to Penal Management ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ d. The Philippine Penal Cycle Taken together, the burdens faced by each penal facility are transferred to each other. Given that most inmates are initially detained in the PNP, NBI, and PDEA cells, where personnel are not equipped in detainee management, proper procedures like inmate classification and housing segregation are not observed. Instead, inmates are lumped together in the cells, regardless of whether they are first time offenders or repeat offenders, low or high risk inmates, and inmates needing medical or psychological care. Coupled with the non-provision of food (in the PNP Detention Centers) and lack of rehabilitation programs (since these law enforcement agencies are not mandated to offer reformation programs), inmates idly wait in their cell s for their cases to take its course. Worse, first time inmates are educated by the recidivists (tayman) about jail and prison life and are recruited to join the inmate pangkat. As such, even before a bagito inmate is transferred from the PNP, NBI. or PDEA Detention Centers to BJMP Jails or Provincial Jails, gang members in the jails had been alerted of the bagito inmates' impending transfers through the gangs' informal networks. As such, the BJMP Jails and Prov incial Jails are forced to deal w ith and informally recognize the pangkat affiliation of the inmates coming from the Detention Ce nters. The BJMP and the Provincial Jails do not have a uniform policy on this issue: some BJMP and Provincial Jails house inmates w ith similar pangkat affiliations (concentration approach) and other Jail s distribute the pangkat members to different cells (dispersal approach). For example, the Manila City Jail and Quezon City Jail of the BJMP use the concentration approach while the Caloocan City Jail utilizes the dispersal approach. These BJMP Jails simply inherited the appro aches utilized during the PC-INP era. Both of these approaches have benefits and disadvantages in terms of jail management. The concentration approach lowers the exposure of pangkat members to rival pangkat, but w hen they are housed together, they become a more united entity, which can pose challenges to the jail warden authority. The dispersal approach, on the other hand, makes the pangkat less organized and less powerful. however, they are in the proximity of other pangkat members, which can increase inter-gang conflicts. Both of these approaches therefore compromise jail security, especially if pangkat sentiment among inmates is deeply rooted and ingrained. Additionally, a strong pangkat sentiment ultimately challenges the principle of classifying and housing inmates based on risks, needs and responsivity to treatment. These in tum, pose a gargantuan challenge fo r the BJMP Jails and Provi ncial Jails to implement rehabilitation programs. When inmates are transferred from the BJMP Jails and Provincial Jails to BuCor Prisons, inmates are initially oriented and classified in the Reception and Diagnostic Center (RDC) located in the NBP. 23 Most inmates stay at the RDC for a period of 60 days and are transfe rred in the NBP's two main security camps: Maximum and Medium. After serving a portion of their t ime, inmates can be transferred to Minimum Security of the NBP or to any of the seven penal farms. Formally, inmates are classified based on custodial risks, length of sentence, and skills. However, like the BJMP and Provincial Jails, BuCor Prison facilities have to reckon with the pangkat, w hose pow er and influence tremendously increase due to the concentration of a bigger number of inmates. A number of pangkat in the Maximum Security Compound of the NBP, for example, boast of a members hip of at 23 Some inmates from the BJMP Jails and Provincial Jails are directly transferred to the nearest BuCor Prison facil ity in their area. For example, inmates in Davao and Leyte can be t ransferred directly to Davao Penal Colony and Leyte Regional Prison, respectively. However, most BJMP Jail and Provincial Jail inmates are still sent i n the RDC located in Muntinlupa. 18