274 Chasing the Wind: Assessing Philippine Democracy, Second Edition 165, 167, 174, 176, 177, 179, 180, 190, 197, 199; Unites States of America, 142–43, 146 Electoral democracy, 95 Electoral governance, 45, 46, 64, 53, 248 Electoral politics, 80 Electoral process, 31, 45–46: and mass media, 78 Electoral Reforms Law of 1876, 215 Electronic republic, 6–7 Elite rule: restoration, 44 Elites, 31: anti-Marcos, 44; domination of economy/politics, 76; local, 55–56: cooptation, 64; political, 51, 53; “predatory” nature, 80 “Embedded democracy”, 80 Enrile, Juan Ponce, 77, 94, 186 Equality, Political, 7–8, 15 Esposo, William, 98 Estrada, Jinggoy, 94, 186 Estrada, Joseph “Erap” Ejercito, 29, 79, 98, 135n18, 120–21, 186, 219: anti websites, 223; impeachment case, 115, 120, 122; Journalism in the Philippines, 222 Estrada, Loi, 188 Political activists and journalist killings, 209–210 Ethno-national movements, 50 European liberalism, 75 Excise (Sin) Tax reform, 113 Executive branch: “power over the purse”, 92; on legislator's development fund, 95; transparency, 85. Search also President Executive hegemony, 80: and horizontal accountability, 96, 97; impact, 81–83 Executive Order, 219 Executive power: and Judiciary power, 86; and legislative power, 86–87 Executive-legislative collaboration, 98 Executive-legislative-judicial collaboration, 98 “Expansion of freedom”, 86 Extra-constitutional transfer of power (2001), 78 F Facebook, 239, 240 Fair Election Act of 2001, 215 Falcone, Baldomero, 166 Fallacy of anachronism, 17 Family, 231, 232: parental transmission, 233 Family networks, 62–63 Federalism, 101, 185: symmetric, 251 Fertilizer Scam, 82, 94, 95, 99 Filipinos: quality of life, 27, 28 g. 1, 29 g. 2 “First Party Rule,” 188 Fiscal federalism, 124 Fish, M. Steven, 98 Flores, Cesar, 163 Foreign borrowings. Search under Foreign debt Foreign debt, 77: automatic appropriation, 98–99; payment, 77 Foreign direct investments, 77 Formal rules, 79 Franco, Jennifer, 116, 117 Fraud: electoral, 64; systematic, 53 Freedom, 7–8, 13, 15, 16, 17 Freedom House, 19 Freedom of expression, 204, 215: Marcos regime, 205 Freedom of information, 220, 224 Freedom of Information Act, 99, 113 Freedom World, 26 French Fifth Republic: hybrid form of government, 80 Fukuyama, Francis. The End of History and the Last Man, 14 Fund for Peace's 2011 Failed State Index, 26 G Gabriela (Party List), 59, 117 Galing Pook awards, 128–29 table 6–7, 135n14 Garcia, Carlos, 76, 89 Garcia, Marlon, 174 Garcillano, Virgilio “Garci”, COMELEC Commissioner, 121, 197, 217, 223 Garilao, Ernesto, 113, 114 Gasiorowski, Mark J. 80 General Appropriations Act, 91 Germany: democracy promotion, 14 Good Governance Index (GGI), 53, 66n17 Good governance: and electoral outcomes, 53–54 Gore, Al, 142 Governance, Decentralization, 107 Governance, Democratic, 2, 7, 13, 16, 17 Governance, Good, 95, 96 Governance, Representative, 4–6, 15 Government: forms of: federal, 101; parliamentary, 101; presidential, 101: separation of powers, 79; system of checks and balances, 79 Governor: election of, 66n15; network of incumbents, 61–62 Graft and corruption, 76. Search also Corruption Great Britain: democracy promotion, 14 Greek classical period, 17 Gross National Product, 26 Grossholtz, Jean, 55