Labour rights framework In addition, the ILO has adopted instruments In parallel with the human rights system, the International Labour Organization (ILO) brings together governments, employers and workers to set labour standards, develop policies and devise programs promoting decent work for all.19 Vietnam re-joined the ILO in 1992.20 The ILO has developed many legal standards and instruments to protect and advance the rights of workers. A key ILO instrument is the Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work,21 which outlines that member states are obliged to respect, promote and realise the principles of four fundamental rights: 1. freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining 2. elimination of forced labour or compulsory labour on working conditions in tourism, including Convention No. 172 Concerning Working Conditions in Hotels, Restaurants and Similar Establishments (1991); and ILO Guidelines on Decent Work and Socially Responsible Tourism (2017). The ILO Guidelines on Decent Work and Socially Responsible Tourism provide a framework for the promotion and protection of labour rights and decent work in the tourism industry that will ultimately enhance its sustainability and overall contribution to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals.24 2. International framework on human rights and business The business and human rights landscape has evolved significantly over recent decades. Driven by increased globalisation, liberalisation of 3. abolition of child labour markets, new societal demands and technological 4. elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation. developments, the role of business in society has become more prominent. As a result, there has been increased attention on the impact of These rights are further developed in the businesses in society, including their relationship ILO’s to human rights. eight Fundamental Conventions and other goverance and techical conventions. 22 As of July 2022, Vietnam has ratified 25 ILO Conventions, which include seven of the eight Fundamental Conventions, three of the four Governance Conventions and 15 of 178 technical Conventions.23 All human rights are relevant to all businesses, including those operating in the tourism industry. The activities of a business can have an impact – both positive and negative – on many people, including employees, customers, suppliers and their employees, and communities in which a business operates. Responsible business conduct and the tourism industry in Vietnam • Guidance for companies • 2022 | 17