19 For example, interviews with 75 migrant and refugee women conducted by Gender Equity Victoria found that, whilst most participants had a tertiary education, before COVID-19 only 18% of the women interviewed were employed fulltime, whilst 45% were in insecure (and possibly underemployed) work arrangements, and over a quarter were financially dependent and reliant on a partner’s income or social security payments. See Gender Equity Victoria, Left Behind: Migrant and Refugee Women’s Experience of COVID-19 (Report, 2021) 7, 17 <https://www.genvic.org.au/wpcontent/uploads/2021/10/LeftBehindWOMHEnReport61021FINAL.pdf>. African Australians who participated in consultations for the Commission’s In our own words project also noted the lack of information about relevant vocational education and training programs; the confusing nature of employment support services; the difficulties of having overseas training, qualifications and experience recognised; and experiences of discrimination and harassment when applying for jobs, during interviews or in the workplace. See Australian Human Rights Commission, In our own words – African Australians: A review of human rights and social inclusion issues (Report, 2010) 10–2 <https://humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/content/africanaus/review/in_our_own_words.pdf>. 20 A landmark national report by Harmony Alliance found that, of a total 1,400 migrant and refugee women, over a third had experienced some form of domestic and/or family violence, and of those nearly half had experienced at least two forms of domestic and/or family violence. See Marie Segrave, Rebecca Wickes, and Chloe Keel, Migrant and Refugee Women in Australia: The Safety and Security Study (Report, Harmony Alliance and Monash University, 2021) 65. 21 Marie Segrave, Rebecca Wickes, and Chloe Keel, Migrant and Refugee Women in Australia: The Safety and Security Study (Report, Harmony Alliance and Monash University, 2021) 38; Gender Equity Victoria, Left Behind: Migrant and Refugee Women’s Experience of COVID-19 (Report, 2021) 7 <https://www.genvic.org.au/wpcontent/uploads/2021/10/LeftBehindWOMHEnReport61021FINAL.pdf>. 22 Louise Olliff et al, ‘“We will start building from that”: Social capital, social networks and African migrants’ job-seeking experiences in Australia’ (2022) 57(3) Australian Journal of Social Issues 725, 727, 736. 23 Susan Maury et al, Understanding the impacts of COVID-19 on vulnerable Australians: Insights from Good Shepherd Australia New Zealand (Report, Good Shepherd Australia New Zealand, 2020) 4, 6, 11–3. See also Nicholas Biddle, Matthew Gray and Jieh Yung Lo, The experience of Asian-Australians during the COVID-19 pandemic: Discrimination and wellbeing (Paper, ANU Centre for Social Research and Methods, October 2020) ii, 5. 24 See, eg, Gender Equity Victoria, Left Behind: Migrant and Refugee Women’s Experience of COVID-19 (Report, 2021) 20 <https://www.genvic.org.au/wpcontent/uploads/2021/10/LeftBehindWOMHEnReport61021FINAL.pdf>; Nicholas Biddle, Matthew Gray and Jieh Yung Lo, The experience of Asian-Australians during the COVID-19 pandemic: Discrimination and wellbeing (Paper, ANU Centre for Social Research and Methods, October 2020) ii, 2. 25 Harmony Alliance, Migrant and Refugee Women in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Impact, Resilience, And The Way Forward (National Consultation Report, February 2021) 18–9 <https://harmonyalliance.org.au/wpcontent/uploads/2021/02/HA-Membership-Forum-Report.pdf>. 26 Enqi Weng, Fethi Mansouri and Matteo Vergani, ‘The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Delivery of Services to CALD Communities In Australia’ (2021) 2(2) ADI Policy Briefing Papers 1, 2–3 <https://apo.org.au/sites/default/files/resource-files/2021-08/apo-nid313720.pdf>. 27 Department of Social Services, ‘Guides to Social Policy Law: Social Security Guide’ (online, 15 August 2022) <https://guides.dss.gov.au/social-security-guide/3/1/2/40>. 28 Gender Equity Victoria, Left Behind: Migrant and Refugee Women’s Experience of COVID-19 (Report, 2021) 4 <https://www.genvic.org.au/wpcontent/uploads/2021/10/LeftBehindWOMHEnReport61021FINAL.pdf>. National Anti-Racism Framework Scoping Report 2022 | 77