Internalised racism Internalised racism occurs when an individual believes and promotes racist attitudes, beliefs or ideologies directed at their race or cultural group.13 Pathologisation Pathologisation refers to the practice of viewing an individual or community through a lens of deficiency.14 This involves characterising the issues faced by an individual or community as a result of a problem within the community itself, as opposed to being the result of external influences. Deficit discourse Deficit discourse considers and frames identity in narratives of negativity, deficiency, and failure.15 These discourses are entrenched within different spaces of representation, policy, and expression,16 forming a critical part of the racialisation process and protecting white interests by justifying interventions in First Nations and other negatively racialised peoples’ lives.17 Strengths-based approach Strengths-based approaches encompass a number of practices and themes that disengage from and provide alternative solutions to the deficit discourses that frame negatively racialised individuals.18 The benefits of applying a strengths-based approach to service delivery and policy making is most often outlined as it relates to First Nations peoples. This is due to the capacity of this approach to foreground self-determination.19 These approaches can facilitate investment in the strengths of First Nations and other negatively racialised peoples by providing a different language and set of solutions to overcoming an issue. Intersectionality Intersectionality is ‘the multiple social forces, social identities, and ideological instruments through which power and disadvantage are expressed and legitimised’. 20 An intersectional framework acknowledges that multiple social categories, such as race, sexuality, class, gender, and disability, combine to create distinct experiences and identities that are lived and perceived in ways that cannot be reduced to any one category. Intersectionality recognises that there is no single way a person exists in the world, nor is there a single mechanism through which inequalities are produced at institutional and systemic levels. Rather, these intersections are themselves the result of systemic, structural, and institutionalised patterns of power and privilege. National Anti-Racism Framework Scoping Report 2022 | 16