sense of ‘resigned resilience’ among older workers towards negative age-based assumptions, which they may also be complicit in perpetuating.21 (iii) Gendered ageism Where age and gender intersect, studies noted that older women are frequently cast in a compassionate light, as both passive and invisible victims. Studies referred to various examples of media portrayals of older Australian women experiencing homelessness, where they are presented as being among the ‘most deserving category of homeless people’, yet remain largely invisible from media representations of ‘rough sleepers’.22 Studies also identified the issue of gendered ageism within the media industry workforce, with one report stating that: ‘[m]any noted the declining number of women “as you go up the food chain”. For those with a long career, the issue of ageism is of increasing concern.’23 (iv) Reframing ageing Another recurring theme in the literature is the reframing of media representations of older people.24 Some argued for a reframing of ageing through methods of co-design with older people to facilitate ‘empowerment’ and enable older people to shape their own narratives.25 Others highlighted the importance of linguistics in shaping how age is framed and conceptualised.26 (d) Gaps in literature (i) Intersectional experiences of ageing This literature review identified a clear gap in existing research on age and intersectionality. Ageing is typically absent in broader discussions about diversity in Australian media. There is also limited examination of the impacts of multiple and intersecting characteristics, such as socio-economic status, gender, sexuality, race and disability, on ageism in Australian media. There is an opportunity for further research to fill this gap. (ii) Counterstereotypes and positive representations While the negative aspects of age representations are well-documented, there is a notable gap in literature focusing on the identification and examination of counterstereotypes and positive portrayals of ageing in Australian media. There is also a significant gap in literature exploring how older people and ageing are presented in social media. Further research is needed to better understand how age biases may be reflected and reinforced in the context of social media, as well as how older adults may use social media to challenge dominant narratives and stereotypes around ageing. 14 Shaping Perceptions: How Australian Media Reports on Ageing