84 Sum No answer Total 141 56.9 107 43.1 248 100.0 Source: Authors own survey research (Hanawon North Korean refugee women, 4th Aug. 2009) Some North Korean refugee women who lodged in farm villages lived in conditions similar to that of ‘physical detention’, just eating and wearing what they were given. A girl who really is to me like a younger sister is in Busan right now. For 1 year she has been living in a house with no man around. In that house she was made to do nothing but farm work, so she went to weed the fields by herself, and when it was time to plant she planted. But since they gave her enough food to be full, at that time, she said she didn’t realize. After almost a year had passed, the man who had gone somewhere to make some money called them but just said ‘I’m coming, I’m coming’, so she thought he would come and just waited. That’s why I said, ‘You idiot’. Since that is what they said, she just thought that’s how things are. Just [thought that] this is how one lives. Because they were providing her well with food. … So she just lived like that, she said. Kids who live like that, they make up almost half of them. And as things are going like this, what kind of human rights do these kids have? They are subjected to exploitation as much as these people want to exploit them. When they are told to go and work, they work, and in spite of this they don’t give them any pocket money. Because they could run away. If they give them anything, it’s 10Won, 15Won at most. This kid said she ran away with just 10Won. (Han Chunhui, 2009, 2-1) There were rice paddies of [around] 30,000m2 and a field, so I raised ducks, and I raised chicken, and I raised pigs, there was an awful lot of work. I took care of all this while I lived there. So I lived like this and when you do everything, the pigs, ducks, chicken, the farming of around 30,000m2, they would hardly look to employ someone, and when you do the farm work for a whole year, they make several 10,000 Won. (Mun Gyeongsun, 2009, 2-7) The former example constitutes a case in which the refugee only received food and was made to work as a labourer. In the case of the latter interviewee, instead of looking to employ someone, the farmers cohabited with this North Korean refugee woman while ordering her to work like a labourer. Even though they made things look like having a familial relationship, a formal family relation was never established, and this woman did nothing but work for them without pay. North Korean refugee women in China were involved in work as care mothers, domestic workers, or worked in service enterprises but they could not remain in regular jobs for long. They had to move around all the time. As the following