References
1
Alexander Plum, Gail Pacheco and Rod Hick, In-Work Poverty in New Zealand, New Zealand Work Research
Institute, Auckland, New Zealand, 2019. This research was produced in partnership with the Ministry of Social
Development and the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, which co-funded the research with
the Human Rights Commission. The research was based on information from Integrated Data Infrastructure,
managed by Statistics New Zealand (Stats NZ), linked data from Inland Revenue and the 2013 Census, as well
as supplementary information provided by the Household Labour Force Survey. The research findings are
those of the authors alone.
2
A household unit is based on the dwelling unit identified in the 2013 Census and encompasses the following
household types: couples without children; couples with child(ren); one parent with child(ren); two or more
family households; one-person households; and other multi-person households such as a group of related
(e.g., siblings) or unrelated (e.g., flatmates) people living together who do not form a family.
3
For an analysis of the various human rights aspects of the Aotearoa New Zealand response to COVID-19,
particularly the Government’s implementation of Alert Level 4, see Human Rights Commission New Zealand,
Human Rights and Te Tiriti o Waitangi: COVID-19 and Alert Level 4 in Aotearoa New Zealand / Mōtika Tangata
mē Te Tiriti o Waitangi: Mate Korona mē te Noho Rāhui i Aotearoa Taumata 4, April 2020, https://www.hrc.
co.nz/files/6615/8819/4763/Human_Rights_and_Te_Tiriti_o_Waitangi-_COVID-19_and_Alert_Level_4_FINAL.
pdf. See also Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), Statement on the coronavirus
disease (COVID-19) pandemic and economic, social and cultural rights, 6 April 2020 (UN doc. E/C.12/2020/1).
4
CESCR, Statement on poverty adopted on 4 May 2001 (UN doc. E/C.12/2001/10), para. 8.
5
Guiding Principles on extreme poverty and human rights, para. 4. The Guiding Principles were adopted by
consensus by the Human Rights Council on 27 September 2012 in resolution 21/11.
6
Programme of Action, World Summit for Social Development, 1995, chapter II, para. 19.
7
ratified by Aotearoa New Zealand in 1978.
8
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 23.
9
CESCR, General Comment No. 18 on the right to work, para. 1.
10
CESCR, General Comment No. 18, para. 7.
11
ratified by Aotearoa New Zealand in 1965.
12
ILO, ‘Decent Work, the Key to Poverty Reduction’, available at https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/poverty/
WCMS_396219/lang--en/index.htm
13
ibid
14
ibid.
15
In drawing these conclusions, it is noted that the in-work poverty prevalence is not solely derived from
income but also takes into account factors such as household size, number of children, number of adults
employed, and availability of other income sources.
16
CESCR, General Comment No. 18.
17
CESCR Concluding Observations on the Fourth Periodic Report of New Zealand, May 2018 (UN Doc. No.
E/C.12/NZL/CO/41), para. 23.
18
ibid, para. 25.
19
ibid, para. 27.
20
ibid.
21
ibid.
22
ibid, para. 30.
He Urupare Tika Tangata mō te Pōharatanga ō ngā Whānau Whaimahi
25