RESEARCH 2.1. SDG 1: End Poverty in All Its Forms Anywhere The COVID-19 pandemic which limits the mobilization and activities of the people had a significant impact on increasing the poverty rate.24 The decline in economic activity and the ubiquitous mass layoffs have contributed to an increase in the number of poor people.25 In response to this, the government has created a series of social protection programs26 to overcome its impact.27 Within the SDG framework, social protection is recognized as the main policy to achieve several goals, including eliminating income poverty, gender equality, and minimizing income inequality. SDGs specifically place social protection as one of the targets that must be achieved by 2030 (Targets 1.3 and 1.5). From a human rights perspective, social protection is also in line with the General Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights instruments, namely, the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (“ICESCR”).28 Therefore, in implementing social protection policies, human rights principles and standards must become the references, namely, the principles of equality and non-discrimination, accessibility, adaptability, adequacy of benefits, the certainty of personal rights, access to information and transparency, accountability, and participation.29 The government had allocated IDR230.21 trillion for the 2020 social protection program.30 Meanwhile, for 2021 the allocation is IDR408.8 trillion, rising almost one hundred percent 24 “Persentase Penduduk Miskin Maret 2020 Naik menjadi 9,78%”, Badan Pusat Statistik, published on 15 July 2020, https://www.bps.go.id/pressrelease/2020/07/15/1744/persentase-penduduk-miskinmaret-2020-naik-menjadi-9-78-persen.html#:~:text=Jumlah%20penduduk%20miskin%20pada%20 Maret,38%20persen%20pada%20Maret%202020. 25 See: “Dampak Ngeri RI Resesi: PHK Massal & Kemiskinan, Stagflasi?” CNBCIndonesia.com, published on 11 September 2020, https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20200911152919-4-186173/ dampak-ngeri-ri-resesi-phk-massal-kemiskinan-stagflasi. 26 The World Bank recorded that there were 1,414 social protection programs worldwide in response to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. See: Ugo Gentilini, Mohamed Almenfi, dan Pamela Dale, “Social Protection and Jobs Responses to COVID-19: A Real-Time Review of Country Measures”, “Living paper” version 14, published on 11 December 2020, http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/ en/467521607723220511/pdf/Social-Protection-and-Jobs-Responses-to-COVID-19-A-Real-TimeReview-of-Country-Measures-December-11-2020.pdf. 27 The Government of the Republic of Indonesia claims to have disbursed IDR 203.9 Trillion for social protection during COVID-19. See: Humas Sekretariat Kabinet Republik Indonesia, published on 26 September 2020, https://setkab.go.id/pemerintah-telah-gelontorkan-rp2039-triliun-untuk-perlindungansosial/. 28 The relationship between the TPB and related human rights instruments, see: “The Human Rights Guide to the Sustainable Development Goals”, The Danish Institute for Human Rights, accessed on 4 February 2021, https://sdg.humanrights.dk/en/targets2?goal[]=70&target=1.3. 29 Alexandra Barrantes, “Why Are Human Rights Considerations Fundamental to Inclusive and Lifecycle Social Protection Systems?”, Development Pathways, published on 13 April 2020, https://socialprotection. org/discover/publications/why-are-human-rights-considerations-fundamental-inclusive-and-lifecyclesocial. 30 “Sri Mulyani Sebut Realisasi Anggaran PEN 2020 83,4 Persen, Ini Perinciannya”, Bisnis.com, published on 4 January 2021, https://ekonomi.bisnis.com/read/20210104/9/1338615/sri-mulyani-sebut-realisasianggaran-pen-2020-834-persen-ini-perinciannya. 14