deciles). The concentration is moreover greatest in the top three deciles where half all families (51.7%) receiving assistance from abroad are found. of The FIES does not distinguish if overseas remittances come from permanent, temporary or irregular overseas Filipinos. In any case if the 4.2 million receiving families in the 2006 FIES survey are assumed to have five family members each - which is the average family size in the country - this implies some 21.0 million Filipinos relying on OFW incomes (without adjustment for differences in family size according to income levels). The 2003 FIES survey also found receiving families concentrated in Luzon (73.5%) followed by the Visayas (16.3%) then Mindanao (10.3%). These affirm how OFW remittances add significantly to family incomes implying relatively higher living standards. At the same time, they also show how OFW earnings are generally more out of reach of the poorest half of Filipinos. In 2003 only 235,000 or 2.7%o of families with incomes less than P100,000 benefited from OFW incomes as their main income source compared to 1.1 million or 13.6% of families with incomes more than PI00,000. Still, in 2006 there were 1.5 million families (with approximately 7.5 million family members) with average family incomes of some P10,300 or even much less who were receiving "in cash any receipt, gift or other forms of assistance from abroad" - 1.5 million families is not an insignificant number. Filipina migrant patterns globally. The feminization of migration was most marked in the decade and a half since 1990 especially driven by rising numbers of domestic household help and caregivers going abroad. This has moderated in recent years but the number of female migrants is still considerable and the intensity of abuses of women is unremitting. A major factor for the slight decline in female migration is said to be the increase in the age requirement for domestic workers from l8 years old to 23 years old (and instituting mandatory training and language classes) and the ban on entertainers going to Japan. According to the NSO's SOF, there were 9l female OFWs for every 100 male OFWs in 1995 which steadily increased to a peak of 102 female OFWs per 100 male OFWs lm2006. This trend reversed after 2006 and in 2008 there were 93 female OFWs for every 100 male OFWs. Female OFWs are generally younger than males with over three out of five (62.6%) of female OFWs in the l5-34 year-old age range (13.5 % were 15-24,28.8%were25-29 and,20.3%o were 30-34).In2007 the Top 3 countries of