Accordingly, large numbers of PPC prisoners continue to serve prison terms without any knowledge of charges against them, with the exception of those offenders who are detained for specific offenses they have committed. Table 2-4 Political Crimes Requiring Detention at PPC (Database Information from NKDB) Classification No. of Case Effective Rate Total Rate Political Offense 402 48.3 36.5 Criminal Offense 21 2.5 1.9 Economic Offense 24 2.9 2.2 Border Violations 67 8.0 6.1 Miscellaneous Offense 14 1.7 1.3 Guilt by Association 297 35.7 27.0 Others 7 0.8 0.6 Sub-Total 832 100.0 Unknown 269 Total 1101 24.4 100.0 100.0 A survey, on the basis of database information23 from North Korean Human Rights Archives (Archives) under the Database Center for North Korean Human Rights, Seoul (NKDB), on the charges against the prisoners at various PPC reveals that guilt by association represented 35.6% of all charges. The most frequent charge was political offenses, representing 48.3%. The rate of unknown cases was quite high, at 24.4%. It is believed that most 23 An analysis of a total of 11,206 cases of human rights violations in North Korea recorded in the main database of the Archives 62