engagement. This is important to understand given the Kāwanatanga, tino rangatiratanga and relational spheres in which the housing system operates. Māori need to be able to hold the Kāwana to account when Te Tiriti o Waitangi is breached, in addition to the Waitangi Tribunal. This reinforces the need for nimble and agile institutional arrangements that suit the unique context of Aotearoa, align with Te Ao Māori, are co-designed according to Te Tiriti o Waitangi partnership and deliver the needs of Tangata Whenua, including responding to Māori beliefs, values, and the spiritual dimension as well as to other disadvantaged groups. Constructive accountability and effective accountability The Human Rights Commission 2021 report defined accountability in process terms – monitoring, reviewing and remedial action – and acknowledged that Te Ao Māori may have different understandings. Te Ao Māori views cultural matters as interconnected, so while a discrete sequential process described as “monitoring, independent review in relation to agreed standards and promises and remedial action”9 is recognised in He Puapua,10 strong accountability systems operate in Te Ao Māori that are integrated with cultural values and principles and can be understood as effective accountability. Therefore, the discussion continues the basis that the outcome sought of strengthening 12 Māori accountability must be an effective, culturally integrated system that could take place alongside a Kāwana accountability system and that is an effective system to meet responsibilities, aims and obligations, especially those of decent homes. By effective accountability, we refer to a system that identifies agreed responsibilities and how and by whom they should be performed, including a mechanism that addresses any breach of accountability within the overall context of established cultural norms. Effective accountability requires a focus on the topic, engagement, and clear communications. Te Kāhui Tika Tangata New Zealand Human Rights Commission Housing Inquiry