participants who acted as the community. After that, ask opinions from participants who act as the authorities how they will act to the situation. The final step is to invite all participants to reflect the conditions on our social life. Layered Eggs The purpose of this technique is for participants to know and understand that they can contribute to society. First, the facilitator divides participants into small unit groups. Individual question sheets are shared as follows: • How does your work contribute to achieving organizational goals? • What factors prevent you from being effective in your work? Participants discuss these questions in their groups. After the discussion has finished, several different unit groups combine to discuss: • Does the program in your division contribute to achieve organization goals? • What are obstacle factors to achieve goal? Finally, participants regroup in one large group. They reflect on whether the organization can achieve the goals and stakeholders that can collaborate or cooperate to achieve these goals. Meta-planning Meta-planning is a simple technique that encourages individuals to express their thoughts on the issue under discussion. In summary, it involves writing key words onto Post-it notes and then collectively placing and arranging them into sub-groups on a flipchart or wall space. Participants are asked to write individually one idea per Post-It note and then place the notes onto a board, sheet of flipchart paper or similar. When all the notes are on the board, the facilitator (or one or two members of the group) can then collate similar ideas together and add a sub heading. This approach helps to incorporate everyone’s ideas and contributions in the shortest amount of time. It also enables the group to come to some quick conclusions. Multi-voting This technique allows groups to use Brainstorming to generate a long list of ideas. Following this, it is important to narrow down these ideas into a manageable size, for realistic consideration. A selection process involving the whole group then picks the best ideas, to save time. Here is a summary of the process: • Once the Brainstorming has been completed, the group reviews the list to clarify and merge similar ideas/options • Conduct voting through a show of hands for each option. Alternatively, allow the group to go to the list and mark their choices or use a sticky dot for each viable option. Participants can vote for any number of options. • The facilitator then counts the votes • Votes from half of the group, or more, warrant further discussion and debate • The facilitator will circle or make a mark against each item now worthy of further consideration 16