131 Productivity Commission, Australia's prison dilemma (October 2021) 42 <https://www.pc.gov.au/research/completed/prison-dilemma/prison-dilemma.pdf>. 132 Australian Bureau of Statistics, Prisoners in Australia 2021 (December 2021) <https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/crime-and-justice/prisoners-australia/latest-release>. 133 Productivity Commission, Australia's prison dilemma (October 2021) 40 <https://www.pc.gov.au/research/completed/prison-dilemma/prison-dilemma.pdf>. 134 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Youth detention population in Australia 2021 (December 2021 <https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/youth-justice/youth-detention-populationin-australia-2021/contents/summary>. 135 See, eg, Arie Freiberg et al ‘Parole, politics and penal policy’ (2018) 18(1) QUT Law Review, 191. 136 Jacqueline Breen and Jano Gibson, 'Boy, 10, held on remand in Don Dale as detainee numbers almost double following tougher bail laws in NT' ABC News (Online) 30 November 2021 <https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-06-10/don-dale-self-harm-incidents/101141030>. 137 Youth Justice Legislation Amendment Act 2021. This legislation includes the automatic revoking of bail for serious breaches and the broadening of the range offences to which bail doesn’t apply. 138 Productivity Commission, Australia's prison dilemma (October 2021) 42 <https://www.pc.gov.au/research/completed/prison-dilemma/prison-dilemma.pdf>. 139 Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission to the UN Committee Against Torture under the Convention Against Torture, 17 October 2014, [87]. 140 Calla Wahlquist, 'Australia's overcrowded prisons could struggle to control coronavirus, expert says' The Guardian (Online) 19 March 2020 <https://www.theguardian.com/australianews/2020/mar/19/australias-overcrowded-prisons-could-struggle-to-control-coronavirusexpert-says>. 141 ‘Australia: Protect At-Risk Communities from Covid-19’ Human Rights Watch (Web Page, August 2021) <https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/08/19/australia-protect-risk-communities-covid-19#>; ‘Australia: Prisoners Denied Vaccine Access’ Human Rights Watch (Web Page, September 2021). <https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/09/01/australia-prisoners-denied-vaccine-access>; Denham Sadler, ‘Delays in vaccinating prisoners’ The Saturday Paper (online) 12 June 2021 <https://www.thesaturdaypaper.com.au/news/politics/2021/06/12/delays-vaccinatingprisoners/162342000011860>. 142 Law Institute of Victoria et al, 'Joint open letter on ongoing and arbitrary use of 14 day quarantine in prisons' (March 2021) <https://static1.squarespace.com/static/580025f66b8f5b2dabbe4291/t/60619155739ab84f3958 9859/1617006934714/Open+letter+-+29+March+2021.pdf>. 143 Criminal Code Act 1995 (Cth) div 105A. 144 See, eg, Serious Sex Offenders Act 2013 (NT); Dangerous Prisoners (Sexual Offenders) Act 2003 (Qld). 145 See, eg, Crimes (High Risk Offenders) Act 2006 (NSW); Criminal Law (High Risk Offenders) Act 2015 (SA); Dangerous Criminals and High Risk Offenders Act 2021 (Tas); Serious Offenders Act 2018 (Vic); High Risk Serious Offenders Act 2020 (WA). 146 High Risk Serious Offenders Act 2020 (WA); Garlett v The State of Western Australia & Anor [2022] HCA 30. 147 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Family, domestic and sexual violence in Australia: continuing the national story 2019: in brief (2019) <https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/domesticviolence/family-domestic-and-sexual-violence-in-australia-c/contents/table-of-contents>; Australian Bureau of Statistics, Recorded Crime – Victims, Australia, 2021 (July 2022) <https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/crime-and-justice/recorded-crime-victims/latestrelease>. 56