International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, 1969. UNITED NATIONS STRATEGY AND PLAN OF ACTION ON HATE SPEECH, 2019.5. The original text is as follows: “any kind of communication in speech, writing or behaviour, that attacks or uses pejorative or discriminatory language with reference to a person or a group on the basis of who they are, in other words, based on their religion, ethnicity, nationality, race, colour, descent, gender or other identity factor.” (https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/UN%20Strategy%20 and%20Plan%20of%20Action%20on%20Hate%20Speech%2018%20June%20 SYNOPSIS.pdf) All human beings are part of a single species, and the term “race” is used based on the assumption that no humans can be clearly divided into races. European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, GENERAL POLICY RECOMMENDATION NO. 15, ON COMBATING HATE SPEECH, ADOPTED ON 8 DECEMBER 2015, Page 3. European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, GENERAL POLICY RECOMMENDATION NO. 15, ON COMBATING HATE SPEECH, ADOPTED ON 8 DECEMBER 2015. The original text is as follows: “Hate speech for the purpose of the Recommendation entails the use of one or more particular forms of expression – namely, the advocacy, promotion or incitement of the denigration, hatred or vilification of a person or group of persons, as well any harassment, insult, negative stereotyping, stigmatization or threat of such person or persons and any justification of all these forms of expression – that is based on a non-exhaustive list of personal characteristics or status that includes “race”, colour, language, religion or belief, nationality or national or ethnic origin, as well as descent, age, disability, sex, gender, gender identity and sexual orientation.“ (https://rm.coe.int/ecri-general-policy-recommendation-no-15-on-combating-hatespeech/16808b5b01 ) Council of Europe Gender Equality Strategy, Combating Sexist Hate Speech, 2016. The Gender Equality Strategy of the Council of Europe defines “sexist hate speech” as: “one of the expressions of sexism, which can be defined as any supposition, belief, assertion, gesture or act that is aimed at expressing contempt towards a person, 81