｜Chapter 4｜ Reactions and Considerations towards Hate Speech and communication. Recently, there has been a strong rise of hate speech from new non-traditional media such as YouTube, Facebook, and personal media. It is necessary to explore the media of hate speech separately, as it can interact with other factors and greatly increase the harmful effects of hate speech. The harmful effects of hate speech and its countermeasures may differ according to different types of media. The meanings and importance of the subfactors mentioned below may differ according to whether the media is online or offline, has room for participation from subscribers, provides significant amounts of information, or intuitively delivers messages by stimulating the senses. In addition, characteristics of a media may not be considered due to the rapid integration of traditional media such as publications, broadcasts, and communication, or changes to the media environment through which hate speech is distributed. The following are general factors to consider. [Credibility of the Media] Hate speech published through mainstream media is more harmful, as it has greater credibility than non-mainstream media. However, it is difficult to state that the traditional concept of credibility has absolute status, as hate speech from nontraditional media such as YouTube, Facebook, and personal media have received much focus. [Effectiveness of the Media] Media with greater public popularity or greater numbers of regular viewers or subscribers may have more harmful effects. In addition, media that stimulates the senses and directly and intuitively delivers a message, such as videos, may be more effective than media that provides a greater amount of information with text and symbols. 56