｜Chapter 4｜ Reactions and Considerations towards Hate Speech Measures Organizations in Charge Methods Policies State Community Establishing Environments Support Research Examples of Regulations Policies to counter hatred and discrimination from the state or community Protection and support for minorities Investigations and research on hatred and discrimination Anti-discrimination movement from civil Companies, civil society groups Policies, etc. Policies on responding to hatred and discrimination from companies, universities, organizations ,and Internet businesses 1) Limitations in Behavior ① Criminal, Civil, and Administrative Regulations The most direct regulations against hate speech forbid hate speech and punish those who have used hate speech. Many countries punish people under the Criminal Act for hate speech. Some hate speech is still considered illegal under criminal and civil acts, or it may fall under defamation or contempt under the Criminal Act. In 2009, a person who yelled “Dirty man…. You stink,” and “Where are you from? Are you Arab?” to a professor on a bus was punished for contempt. Although it is typical hate speech, the person was punished, as it also fell under contempt. It is also possible to go through civil measures including compensation for damage or injunction from hate speech. A few years ago, a high school student 40