frequently stopped on the streets and thus gain more misdemeanors. Moreover, these rates may also be related to the poor social environment surrounding African American households and the results of prejudice and discrimination during the process of law enforcement. Emphasizing statistical facts without considering these aspects is not only unjust, but reinforces the stigmatization of the group, which can become hate speech. 4) Encouraging Discrimination Hate speech justifies discrimination and encourages and reinforces discrimination towards a certain group and its members. In other words, some effects of hate speech include justifying social discrimination towards target groups, reproducing and reinforcing pre-existing discrimination by developing discriminatory policies or systems, causing the members of the target group to continuously be exposed to prejudice, and causing the members of the target group to accept this discrimination and have difficulty fighting back. Therefore, it is important to consider the discriminatory effects of hate speech on the target group and society rather than the intentions of the person expressing hate speech. From this perspective, hate speech justifies, encourages, and reinforces discrimination. For example, expressing hate regarding the social powers or majority groups, or expressing negative expressions or opinions about individuals or groups without the context of discrimination is not hate speech. Hate speech does not simply refer to general malicious language and unethical behavior, but spreads discrimination towards social minority groups. 17