Needs Assessment and Gap Analysis of the National Human Rights Institutions in South Asia 62 6. Conclusions NHRIs play a crucial role in embedding human rights principles into CCMA initiatives, ensuring that climate actions uphold the rights of vulnerable communities. They advocate for a human rights-based approach to climate justice, encouraging equitable decision-making and supporting a just transition to a zero-carbon economy. At the national level, NHRIs advise governments on human rights-centred climate policies, promote environmental and social impact assessments, and protect EHRDs. Internationally, NHRIs act as intermediaries among stakeholders, contributing to global climate processes and advocating for human rightsbased climate action. In South Asia, NHRIs in Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka have engaged with CCMA initiatives at different levels, though they encounter challenges related to capacity and resources. CCMA initiatives have been developed to address both the causes and impacts of climate change. Mitigation efforts focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions through renewable energy, energy efficiency, and carbon capture, guided by international agreements such as the Paris Agreement. Conversely, adaptation strategies aim to prepare communities for climate impacts by enhancing infrastructure, developing resilient agriculture, and establishing early warning systems, especially vital for vulnerable regions like small island nations. The Needs Assessment and Gap Analysis collected primary data from South Asian NHRIs to evaluate their existing programs and challenges concerning CCMA. Utilising the Framework for Integrating Rights and Equality (FIRE), developed by the RWI and partners, the assessment aims to identify obstacles NHRIs face, such as limited capacity, resource constraints, and insufficient political will and support. This study specifically targets six NHRIs across Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Maldives, Nepal, and Sri Lanka, employing gender-sensitive and participatory methodologies through surveys, interviews, and desk-based reviews. The findings reveal several thematic areas of concern. While all NHRIs recognise climate change’s impacts on vulnerable communities, their integration of climate considerations into investigations varies significantly. Advocacy efforts also differ, with Bangladesh and India being the most proactive. However, challenges like lack of credible data and insufficient community engagement impede effective action. Political support for NHRIs varies, impacting their ability to advocate effectively. Additionally, while some NHRIs support climaterelated human rights defenders, inconsistencies in protection mechanisms persist. Gender considerations remain inadequately addressed, and collaboration among NHRIs is limited, underscoring the need for improved coordination and resources to enhance their capacity to address climate-related human rights issues effectively.