Needs Assessment and Gap Analysis of the National Human Rights Institutions in South Asia 50 analyse human rights violations caused by climate change impacts. There is also limited training for staff on the technical aspects of CCMA, particularly in the NHRIs of India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka, where the institutions need stronger foundational knowledge to link human rights to climate change risks and related challenges effectively. } Internal Policies, Procedures, and Guidelines Many NHRIs do not have specific internal policies and procedures that address the explicit intersection of human rights and climate change. Most of the NHRIs reported that formal policies or guidelines to tackle climate change-related human rights concerns are either not there or not adequately developed. In the HRCM, for instance, there is a need for internal strategies to advocate for human rights within the context of climate action, as well as a requirement to integrate climate change considerations into ongoing human rights monitoring. In NCHR Pakistan, there is a significant gap in policies that integrate gender perspectives into climate change responses. NHRC India also reported that the institution faces challenges, such as the absence of environmental expertise requirements during staff recruitment. These gaps highlight the need for comprehensive, climate-specific policies to guide NHRIs in addressing emerging challenges effectively. } Technical Tools and Mechanisms A recurring challenge across several NHRIs is the lack of technical tools and mechanisms necessary for effective climate change monitoring and advocacy. NCHR Pakistan, for example, reported that the institution lacks the technical tools required to analyse and respond to human rights issues arising from climate-related disasters. NHRIs also lack adequate mechanisms for reporting climate-related human rights issues to international bodies, such as reported by HRCSL. Additionally, there is a need for specialised monitoring and advocacy tools that can bridge the gap between climate change and human rights, which many countries have yet to develop. Without these technical resources, NHRIs face difficulties in addressing the complexities of climate-related human rights violations. } Financial Constraints Financial limitations significantly impact NHRIs’ ability to fulfil their mandate on climate change-related human rights monitoring, investigation, and reporting. For NHRIs in Nepal and Pakistan, financial constraints are highlighted as a major barrier to conducting comprehensive climate change-related functions, including