Needs Assessment and Gap Analysis of the National Human Rights Institutions in South Asia 36 All but one NHRI (HRCM) indicated that they can operate independently without undue influence from political entities in relation to their monitoring and reporting of CCMA initiatives. As for the main security challenges they face in the specific context of CCMA related work, government interference is identified as the most common (Figure 13). When it comes to individual NHRI experience in the area of political will, risks and security issues, NHRC Bangladesh indicated that the institution experiences a mixed level of political support regarding climate change advocacy. While some political leaders recognise the importance of aligning climate initiatives with human rights frameworks, resistance exists, particularly from key departments like the Ministry of Environment and Forests. The NHRC Bangladesh organises seminars to raise awareness among political leaders about climaterelated human rights issues, but their limited capacity hampers these efforts. Although the NHRC has not so far faced any direct threats, HRDs in sensitive areas report retaliation when they expose illegal activities, posing risks to those advocating for climate justice. NHRC India reported that the institution operates in a relatively secure environment, as indicated by the absence of systemic threats or harassment related to climate change work. This independence allows the NHRC India to engage in climate initiatives without fear of government pressure. The NHRC’s experience suggests that a supportive political climate can facilitate the integration of human rights perspectives into climate action, highlighting the importance of an enabling environment for NHRIs. In the Maldives, HRCM indicated that the country faces significant challenges due to its vulnerability to climate change, yet the political will to adopt a human rights-based approach to climate change related initiatives remains uncertain. HRCM has not been adequately consulted in the development of national adaptation policies and programmes, leading to scepticism about the government’s commitment to human rights in climate policy. Despite the pressing need for awareness and citizen participation in environmental policies, the lack of genuine political interest from authorities undermines the potential for meaningful engagement. NHRC Nepal shows some promise in its engagement with government climate initiatives, although challenges persist. While the government has demonstrated a willingness to incorporate human rights into climate policies, capacity gaps among officials hinder effective collaboration. The NHRC’s involvement in the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) is limited, and concerns about pressure from the government on NHRC Nepal staff regarding climate change activities remain. These factors highlight the need for stronger political will and capacity-building initiatives to foster effective partnerships between NHRIs and the government.