Empowering National Human Rights Institutions to Advance Rights-Based Climate Action 25 NHRC monitors the human rights situations of those affected by climate change in both Terai (lowlands in the southernmost regions) and hilly regions. The Commission advocates for indigenous peoples, individuals with disabilities, and women, providing feedback from their perspectives during international forums like COP28. The government shows commitment to incorporating human rights into climate change efforts. However, there is a capacity gap among government officials in understanding how to link climate change actions with human rights. The NHRC has not faced any threats or harassment related to their work on climate issues. However, for other HRDs, there are observable and reported threats and harassments. NHRC has developed a bill for the protection of HRDs and recognise and support EHRDs, focusing on human rights education and protection. If defenders face threats, NHRC takes action and informs the government to ensure their protection. NHRC recognises that women, children, and marginalised groups are disproportionately affected by climate change related adverse conditions. NHRC incorporates gender perspectives in monitoring efforts and advocate for gender-sensitive approaches in local governments’ adaptation plans. The Commission collaborates with UN Women to enhance understanding of climate change impacts on women and children. NHRC also collaborates with FHI 360 on air pollution projects. They work with local governments on Local Adaptation Plans of Action (LAPA) and engage with the Ministry of Forests and Environment. They also emphasise the importance of collaborating with CSOs, EHRDs, and affected communities. NHRC faces significant challenges in technical knowledge, financial resources, and human capacity. Their staff lacks expertise in both climate change and human rights, hampering their ability to link the two effectively. They recommend enhancing NHRIs’ capacity in relation to climate change and its human rights implications for more effective engagement. National Commission for Human Rights, Pakistan The National Commission for Human Rights (NCHR) of Pakistan was established in 2015 under the NCHR Act of 2012 as an independent statutory body.76 Its mandate is to protect, promote, and enforce human rights across Pakistan, in accordance with the country’s Constitution and international human rights treaties to which Pakistan is a signatory. The NCHR is empowered to investigate allegations of human rights violations, either on its own initiative (suo moto) or based on complaints from individuals or groups. It can also monitor government actions, advise on legislation, and promote human rights awareness through education and advocacy programmes. The Commission’s areas of focus include women’s rights, minority rights, freedom of expression, and addressing issues related to forced 76 National Commission for Human Rights Pakistan Act, 2012 2012.