Needs Assessment and Gap Analysis of the National Human Rights Institutions in South Asia 6 Pakistan Policies such as the National Energy Efficiency and Conservation Policy (NEECP 2023),42 National Climate Change Policy (NCCP) (2021),43 and National Water Policy (NWP 2018)44 aim to build climate resilience by promoting energy efficiency, sustainable development, and hydropower expansion. 1.2. National Human Rights Institutions’ Monitoring and Advisory Role in CCMA Initiatives NHRIs play a crucial role in promoting and protecting human rights within climate action, particularly in CCMA initiatives. The Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions (GANHRI) has identified that one of the primary objectives of NHRI engagement in climate action is to ensure that CCMA measures align with human rights principles. NHRIs have also collectively pledged to take human rights-based action on climate change to support communities and protect the environment.45 NHRIs advocate for climate justice, emphasising that climate action must leave no one behind. This involves addressing the climate crisis through a human rights-based approach, ensuring a just transition to a zero-carbon economy, promoting participatory and equitable decision-making, and providing effective remedies, including financial support, for those most affected by climate change. How do NHRIs promote climate justice? | Monitor and report on the human rights impacts of climate change | Advise the State and others on human rights-based approaches to clmate action | Support communities to participate in decision-making on climate strategies | Assist victims to seek justice and redress | Provide education on the human rights impacts of climate change and policies | Engage business and others on their roles and responsibilities | Work through GANHRI to advance human rights-based policies and approaches Figure 1. NHRIs and climate justice (Source: GANHRI) 42 Government of Pakistan, ‘National Energy Efficiency and Conservation Policy (2023)’ (2023) <https://neeca.gov.pk/TopStoryDetail>. 43 Government of Pakistan, ‘National Climate Change Policy (NCCP) (2021)’ (2021) <https://mocc.gov.pk/SiteImage/Policy/NCCP Report.pdf>. 44 Government of Pakistan, ‘National Water Policy (2018)’ (https://mowr.gov.pk/SiteImage/Misc/files/National%20Water%20Policy.pdf, 2018). Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions, ‘Climate Change and Human Rights’ (2024) <https://ganhri.org/climate-change-and-hr/>. 45