Focus groups were primarily conducted in English. In the Korean focus group participants spoke in Korean and an interpreter was on-hand to translate the discussion and key themes. Bilingual discussions were held for the Samoan, Tokelauan and two of the Māori focus groups facilitated by members of the research team. An ethnically matched facilitator was assigned to each focus group where possible. Our approach to facilitation prioritised cultural safety, setting a trusting and safe space and relationship for sharing. We focussed on demonstrating respectful and neutral behaviour through whanaungatanga and engagement with participants, and in establishing connections with participants. A genuine and mutually respectful relationship was established before focus group discussions commenced (for example, each group started with a prayer or other culturally appropriate means of engagement [if preferred], introductions/connections and an ice-breaker activity). Facilitators emphasised that the study valued participants’ opinions and experiences and that this research aimed to centre their voices on the topic of racism. The media examples and review of comments completed in the planning phase were used to initiate topics of discussion with participants, explore their views/perspectives about these examples and open opportunities to share personal reflections/experiences. The research team were also aware that there might also be power imbalances and ethnic-specific cultural considerations within participant groups, for example on the basis of different ages, gender and cultural status that could influence participants’ engagement in a group setting. Because of this, our team of facilitators were prepared to arrange breakout groups by gender, age and any other factors – however, this was not required and all participants were comfortable to talk within the wider group setting. Facilitating Zoom focus groups provided a different set of dynamics. The use of Zoom was a means of communication participants had become familiar with either before or during the first COVID-19 lockdown in New Zealand. It did not inhibit their sharing and contribution to the kōrero. Participants shared their views verbally and in the chat option. Our team of experienced facilitators were also well versed in virtual engagements and effectively staying connected with participants through active listening, clear, efficient and respectful communications. 3.5. Analysis Findings from the literature scan and media analysis were used to develop a research framework (Figure 1) to summarise the research approach and intent and guide the analysis of interviews and focus group discussions. www.malatest-intl.com Drivers of racism – March 2021 38