koha/meaalofa and transport costs of $20, as a token of appreciation for their involvement. 3.4.1. Participant recruitment Migrants and former refugees were recruited through purposive sampling and snowballing. The research team engaged with settlement support providers and utilised their own extensive professional networks (including NGOs and churches) to promote the research and recruit potential participants. Information sheets and consent forms were shared with potential participants during this process, and they were given opportunities to ask questions. Dates and venues were then arranged for focus groups. Groups were held at either the research team’s offices in Auckland and Wellington, settlement support provider’s offices across different regions, or alternative and accessible premises where participants felt comfortable and safe. 3.4.2. Participant consent Participants were given information sheets and consent forms prior to focus groups. Consent forms were discussed and completed at the start of face-to-face focus groups. Participants in Zoom groups were asked to complete consent forms and send them back to the focus group facilitator prior to the start of the group. 3.4.3. Focus group question guides We developed a semi-structured focus group guide based on early findings from the literature review and media analysis and finalised with HRC. The guide built on HRC’s key research questions and focussed on exploring participants’ experiences, views and understandings about the drivers of migrants’ experiences of racism and their perspectives on potential for change. The questionnaire integrated the wellbeing domains within Treasury’s Living Standards framework as a basis for exploring participants’ experiences across different aspects of their lives. Key questions were intended to guide conversations and allow participants to raise relevant topics important to them. The focus group guide was reviewed following initial focus groups to ensure the required information was being collected. 3.4.4. Focus group facilitation Our mahi is informed by Kawa Whakaruruhau, which recognises historical and contemporary contexts for Māori, including structural violence, loss of land and ability to access Te Ao Māori. Our mahi also recognises the historical, genealogical and spiritual relationships between Pacific peoples and tangata whenua. Our research design, data collection, analysis and reporting prioritised the worldviews and perspectives of Māori and tauiwi. Understanding the cultural context of research participants and our own limitations was at the forefront of our engagement with all populations. www.malatest-intl.com Drivers of racism – March 2021 37