• Lack of understanding from educators about cultural differences – for example, children may be punished for behaviours that teachers perceive as arrogance, when in fact children are trying to convey respect • Education is provided in a way that does not account for different cultural understandings, attitudes and ways of learning. Butcher et al., (2006) found South African migrants they spoke to reported little to no discrimination in school settings for their children, whereas Asian and Middle Eastern migrants noted more instances of discrimination. This may be because South African migrants are able to ‘pass’ as part of the European mainstream culture (e.g., able to speak English, appearance is similar) and so schools perceive fewer cultural differences. 2.4.3. Housing A small number of Aotearoa New Zealand studies (Butcher et al., 2006; Martin Jenkins, 2018; Sobrun-Maharaj et al., 2006) have indicated the existence of prejudice and discrimination towards migrant tenants, as well as institutional barriers that prevent them from obtaining adequate housing: 2.4.4. • Migrants and refugees from Asian, Middle Eastern and African backgrounds are disadvantaged in seeking housing due to their appearance, accents and stereotypes about their ethnicity and are often discriminated against by landlords when they select tenants • Barriers to accessing adequate housing (e.g., challenges in understanding the housing sector, tenancy rights, how to resolve problems). Health Scholars have argued that racism is a public health issue (Came & Griffith, 2017) as it can contribute to unequal access to healthcare services that can deepen health disparities amongst minority and migrant populations. This typically leads to overall poorer health outcomes compared to the host society. There is a large body of Aotearoa New Zealand research that examines ethnic inequities in access to healthcare, particularly for Māori whānau/families and patients (e.g., Cormack et al., 2020; Dixon et al., 2009; Graham & Masters-Awatere, 2020; Kanengoni et al., 2020; Kearns et al., 2009; Martin Jenkins, 2018)15. These studies provide evidence of the discrimination that occurs towards Māori and migrants in healthcare spaces: 15 Despite a large body of work on inequities in health care, this review focused on references identified and provided to the research team by the Human Rights Commission. www.malatest-intl.com Drivers of racism – March 2021 31