Banyak instrumen regional dan nasional yang juga mengatur larangan ‘inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment’. Salah satu contohnya Konvensi HAM Eropa, yang menyatakan “No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment”.1 Demikian pula dalam Konstitusi Afrika Selatan,2 Konstitusi Brazil,3 and the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act.4 Kasus-kasus yang menunjukkan definisi tentang ‘inhuman and degrading treatment’ banyak dikembangkan dalam putusanputusan Komisi HAM Eropa dan Pengadilan HAM Eropa, yang khususnya terkait dengan penafsiran Pasal 3 Konvensi HAM Eropa.5 Dalam kasus Wainwright v. United Kingdom menyatakan: “Ill-treatment must attain a minimum level of severity if it is to fall within the scope of Article 3 of the Convention. The assessment of this minimum level of severity is relative; it depends on all the circumstances of the case, such as the duration of the treatment, its physical and mental effects and, in some cases, the sex, age and health of the victim. In considering whether a treatment is “degrading” within the meaning of Article 3, the Court will have regard to whether its object is to humiliate and debase the person concerned and whether, as far as the consequences are concerned, it adversely affected his or her personality in a manner incompatible with Article.3. Though it may be noted that the absence of such a purpose does not conclusively rule out a finding of a violation. Furthermore, the suffering and humiliation must in any event go beyond the inevitable element of suffering or humiliation connected with a given form of legitimate treatment or punishment, as in, for example, measures depriving a person of their liberty.”6 Bahwa ‘tingkat kekejaman’ dan ‘tujuan’ suatu tindakan, dianggap sebagai pembeda antara ‘penyiksaan’ dengan ‘perlakuan atau penghukuman lain yang kejam, tidak manusiawi, atau merendahkan martabat manusia’. Dua kasus penting yang sering digunakan untuk membedakan antara ‘penyiksaan’ dan ‘inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment’ adalah Greek Case dan Ireland v UK. Dalam Greek Case, ‘inhuman and derading treatment’ perlu dibedakan berdasarkan pada ‘batas keparahannya’ (threshold of severity). Perbuatan ‘inhuman treatment’ setidaknya mencakup ‘tindakan yang secara sengaja dilakukan untuk menimbulkan penderitaan yang parah, baik mental maupun fisik, dan tidak ada pembenar atas tindakan tersebut’.7 Dalam kasus Ireland v UK, Komisi HAM Eropa menyatakan bahwa setiap definisi dalam Pasal 3 Konvensi HAM Eropa harus dimulai dari pandangan tentang ‘inhuman treatment’, sehingga ‘inhuman treatment’ adalah kategori dimana tindakantindakan yang dilakukan tidak melampaui 1. Council of Europe, European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, as amended by Protocols Nos. 11 and 14, 4 November 1950, Pasal 3. 2. Afrika Selatan, The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, pasal 12(1). 3. Brasil, Constitution of the Federal Republic of Brazil, Pasal 5(III). 4. Selandia Baru, New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990, Bagian 9. 5. Jeremi Waldron, “Cruel, Inhuman, and Degrading Treatment: The Words Themselves’, New York University Public Law and Legal Theory, Working Paper, 2008, 15. 6. European Court of Human Rights, Wainwright v. United Kingdom , 44 E.H.R.R. 40, 2007, para 41. 7. European Commission of Human Rights, The Greek Case, 1969, Yearbook of the European Convention on Human Rights, No. 12, 186. MANUAL FASILITATOR Modul Pelatihan Npm 5 Lembaga | 45