From Four Nodes of History: The Human Rights Challenge in the Philippine Security Sector 3. Why was the problem of overproduction detrimental to the development of the Philippines and other non-industrialized economies? (c) Public domain The new gods and their abject supplicants: Young Filipinos kneel before soldiers of the 20th Kansas. The original caption reads: “How the Twentieth Kansas boys were met by conquered natives, Philippine Islands.” Photo taken in 1899. Industrialized powers forced unequal treaties on non-industrialized nations to ensure their commodities were sold in local markets. These unequal treaties meant that these affected nations had to be assigned to underdevelopment so as not to carry out national industrialization and become competitors for markets. They were assigned to a fate of underdevelopment, continuing with their previous rural landlord-tenant economies immersed in poverty. 4. How did the US annexationists justify their acts of forcing other nations to open their economies to commodities of industrial powers? (c) Public domain As one US soldier exclaimed: “It must simply have rained lead.” Dead Filipino fighters at the Santa Ana circular trench. It is said that after the Battle of Manila, members of the US Army hospital corps were startled to discover that several women, dressed as males and with closely-cropped hair, were among the dead. Photo dated February 5, 1899. 44 The need to expand was justified with the idea of Rudyard Kipling’s “White Man’s Burden” and “Manifest Destiny”: that Filipinos (notwithstanding the fact that the backwardness was a direct result of Monarchism and papal tyranny), were Chinese half-breeds, described as savages, heathens,