From Four Nodes of History: The Human Rights Challenge in the Philippine Security Sector b) How did Libertarian ideas (Liberalism) develop and become a material force worldwide? How were they propagated? The great debates in the coffee shops of Europe starting in the 17th century led to the introduction of new socio-political ideas that were considered heretical. The most prominent of these venues was Café Procope where Voltaire and Rousseau hanged out. But its real significance was when the Liberals Diderot and d’Alembert, over coffee at Procope, decided to come out with the earthshaking book project, the Encyclopédie.4 These two editors decided to make a collection of articles on human knowledge, a heretical act in those days. They commissioned hundreds of the most progressive intellectuals of Europe. When completed, the Encyclopedie had 28 volumes, with 71,818 articles and 3,129 illustrations. The first 17 volumes were published between 1751 and 1765. Denis Diderot wrote that the purpose of the Encyclopédie was “to change the way people think.”5 Though immediately banned, it quickly spread among Liberals in Europe and its colonies. Liberals used Masonic Lodges to expand their ranks in Europe and its colonies and propagate liberalism. Masonic lodges 28 Jailed at the Bilibid then exiled to Guam at age 84: Tandang Sora gave refuge to the Katipuneros and refused to divulge information about the revolutionary activities. eventually were used as jumping boards in organizing the people for revolution. It influenced and inspired a world revolution that included the American War of Independence, the