3 | Human rights risks and challenges • Tournament security protocols creating risks to privacy and safety. Transgender people can be visibly different in their presentation from non-transgender people. Security culture can involve viewing difference as suspicious or dangerous. Privacy and security are at odds for many transgender people (as is also the case for some people with hidden disabilities). • Heightened risks in cases of intersectionality of identities and issues, for example disabled trans people, or LGBTQI+ people of colour, Brotherboys and Sistergirls. These issues of accessibility and racism have been discussed more fully in other areas of the document. (iii) Violence and alcohol-related risks Multiple stakeholders noted that alcohol consumption is linked with a range of risks and harms, including physical violence. As previously noted, stakeholders in the hospitality space identified a particular set of risks relating to excessive alcohol consumption, including escalation of sexual harassment and abuse, and workers overserving due to a lack of employment support and training. Alcohol is well-recognised as a contributing factor in the prevalence and severity of domestic or family violence, with one Aotearoa New Zealand study finding that one in three reported cases of domestic violence are alcohol affected.61 Sporting events (and home team losses) have been anecdotally linked to increased incidents of domestic violence. However, research indicates it is alcohol consumption (including but not only at sporting matches), which is a major contributor at all events where there is high alcohol consumption to an increase in all forms of violence.62 Advocates against family and domestic violence have recommended the creation of safe spaces, women-only spaces and/or alcoholfree districts at sporting venues.63 28 The New Zealand Health Promotion Agency has carried out a study on the culture of alcohol promotion and consumption at major sporting events in Aotearoa New Zealand.64 The study results ‘highlight[ed] the perception that there is an entrenched, naturalised culture of alcohol promotion and consumption at some sports events in Aotearoa New Zealand’,65 but also noted events which deliberately promoted a ‘family experience’.66 These included designated low-alcohol and alcoholfree seating areas, no alcohol brands as naming sponsors, and public health ‘Ease up on the Drink’ messaging visible across the event. (iv) Disruptions to the local community Drawing on stakeholder feedback and the lessons from the 2018 Gold Coast Commonwealth Games, there are a range of potential adverse human rights impacts on the local community. These might include disruptions to public transport and local roads that particularly affect vulnerable people, such as delivery of meal services to the elderly or support services to disabled people, as well as increases in the cost of living (the cost of housing in particular) potentially pricing people out of their local communities. Stakeholders also highlighted the importance of transparency, accountability and good governance around infrastructure planning and delivery which has longer term implications for local communities. 3.3 Cross-cutting (a) Australia’s First Nations peoples One of the most significant human rights issues for FIFA and the local operating entities during tournament preparation and delivery, will be the recognition of and meaningful engagement with Australia’s First Nations, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Connections to lands and cultures have special significance for First Nations and the AHRC’s report Wiyi Yani U Thangani (Women’s Voices): Securing Our Rights, Securing Our Future Report,67 underscores the importance of self-determination for Aboriginal women and girls and strengthsbased community-driven approaches to addressing disadvantage.