Summary This report is based on a multi-year independent investigation by the Commission and Fortify Rights. It includes previously unpublished evidence of human rights violations, drawing on hundreds of interviews. The Commission recorded statements from more than 126 witnesses, including survivors, government and elected officials, and members of state security forces. Fortify Rights interviwed more than 144 eyewitnesses, survivors of human trafficking, members of a human-trafficking syndicate and known human traffickers, and others. As part of the research for this report, the Commission visited Wang Kelian in Perlis State, Rohingya communities in Alor Setar in Kedah State, and the Belantik Immigration Detention Center in Kedah State. Fortify Rights also conducted site visits to internment camps in Myanmar, refugee camps in Bangladesh, immigration detention centers and government-run shelters in Thailand, refugee camps in Indonesia, and refugee communities in numerous locations in Malaysia and near the Malaysia-Thailand border. The majority of survivors interviewed for this report were Rohingya Muslims. 20