Ki te whaiao, ki te ao Mārama Definitions we have used in this report In this section we briefly outline the key definitions we use in this report. For a fuller discussion of key concepts such as colonisation, the Doctrine of Discovery, race, racism, white privilege and white supremacy, please refer to the accompanying Maranga Mai! report from which we have summarised these definitions. In Aotearoa, the doctrine underpins the establishment of the New Zealand government and its legislation and the dominance of systemic racism. Through colonisation, premised on the notions of racial superiority outlined in the doctrine, Tangata Whenua were displaced from their traditional lands, territories, and resources. Colonisation refers to the systematic appropriation, seizure and exploitation of Indigenous lands and natural resources by another country or state. Equity recognises that different people with different levels of advantage require different approaches and resources to reach equal outcomes. We have used this term in this report in preference to equality, which some people understand to mean treating everyone the same. We note, however, that international human rights instruments refer to ‘equality’. In Aotearoa, a colony of settlement was established by the British Crown. The colonial government that was then established, undermined and disempowered Indigenous self-determination, leadership, and political structures and expropriated nearly all Māori land. The establishment of new and dominant structures through warfare, legislation, policy and practices dismantled the culture, language, and social cohesion of iwi, hapū and whānau Māori. Colonisation is an ongoing process and continues to negatively impact Māori today. The Doctrine of Discovery refers to a series of decrees made by the Pope in the fifteenth century. These decrees outlined white Christian racial superiority, providing the rationale for colonisation and the seizure of Indigenous peoples’ lands. These actions were premised on the basis that non-European and non-Christian peoples had forfeited their rights of occupation (and other rights) to what was presumed to be superior European power. Through a series of landmark cases, e.g. Johnson v. McIntosh in the United States, the doctrine became part of international law. Te Kāhui Tika Tangata Pākehā is the te reo Māori term for Tangata Tiriti of European descent or New Zealand Europeans. We have used this word to refer to Pākehā people as well as dominant norms and values, e.g. our governmental system, which is derived from the United Kingdom. Race is a social construct that emerged from fifteenth-century Christian Europe. It was used to organise people into categories based on their actual and perceived physical differences, e.g. hair, skin and eye colour, facial features, or skull shape. These categories were organised into a hierarchy that placed white Europeans at the top and equated their values and practices with civilisation. This hierarchy presumed white European superiority over non-European peoples, who were positioned as living in varying degrees of barbarism. 8