Justice Arun Mishra Chairperson Justice Arun Mishra Chairperson National Human Rights Commission ManavHuman AdhikarRights Bhawan, C-Block, National Commission GPOManav Complex, INA, Bhawan, New Delhi-110023 Adhikar C-Block, India : 91-011-24663201, 24663202 GPOPhone Complex, INA, New Delhi-110023 India : 91-11-24651329 Phone : Fax 91-011-24663201, 24663202 E-mail: chairnhrc@nic.in Fax : 91-11-24651329 E-mail: chairnhrc@nic.in PrefacePreface Human rights rights serve serve as as the the moral moral and and legal legal compass compass of of any any society. society.Their Their inalienable inalienable and and allallHuman encompassingnature naturemust mustbe bethe thedriving drivingforce forcefor forany anydemocratic democraticsociety societythat thatwishes wishesto toensure ensure encompassing bothindividual individualand andcollective collectivewell-being well-beingof ofits itscitizens. citizens. both The National National Human Human Rights Rights Commission Commission of of India India has has been been working working tirelessly tirelessly to to protect protect The and promote promote human human rights rights in in India. India. In In its its 30 30 years years of of existence, existence, the the Commission Commission has has worked worked and towardsnot notonly onlyprotecting protectingbut butalso alsopromoting promotingthe thehuman humanrights rightsof ofevery everysection sectionof ofsociety. society. towards NHRC’s Annual Annual English English Journal Journal was was first first published published in in 2002 2002 and and since since then, then, itit has has been been aa NHRC’s platform to to bring bring together together scholars, scholars, practitioners, practitioners, activists, activists, public public servants, servants, human human rights rights platform defenders, and and other other subject subject matter matter experts experts to to contribute contribute towards towards enriching enriching our our collective collective defenders, understanding of of human human rights. rights. The The journal journal continues continues to to promote promote scholarship scholarship of of the the highest highest understanding qualityand andremains remainsan animportant importantsource sourceof ofknowledge knowledgefor forhuman humanrights rightspractitioners. practitioners.In Inlight lightof of quality theever-evolving ever-evolvingnature natureof ofhuman humanrights, rights,the thejournal journalincludes includesarticles articleswritten writtenon onseveral severalissues issues the like Right Right to to Development, Development, Rights Rights and and Directive Directive Principles Principles and and the the implications implications on on human human like rights, Combating Combating Child Child Sexual Sexual Abuse Abuse Material, Material, Bilateral Bilateral Treaties Treaties impact impact on on Environment, Environment, rights, RuralIndia, India,Tribals’ Tribals’Rights, Rights,Education Educationdisparity, disparity,Surrogacy Surrogacyand andExpanding Expandinghorizon horizonof ofHuman Human Rural Rights and and Enforcement Enforcement of of human human rights rights through through duty duty jurisprudence, jurisprudence, which which require require our our Rights immediateattention. attention. immediate sincerely hope hope that that this this year’s year’s journal journal will will contribute contribute towards towards enhancing enhancing our our collective collective II sincerely understanding of several emerging human rights issues, thus guiding us to be more sensitive understanding of several emerging human rights issues, thus guiding us to be more sensitive humanbeings. beings.IIhope hopethat thatthese thesewords wordswill willalso alsohelp helpguide guidepolicies policiesfor forgood goodgovernance. governance. human expressmy mydeep deepgratitude gratitudeto toall allthe theeminent eminentexperts expertswho whohave havegraciously graciouslyshared sharedtheir theirinsights insights IIexpress on various various topics topics in in this this journal. journal. Last Last but but not not the the least, least, II would would like like to to express express my my heartfelt heartfelt on thanks to to all all the the esteemed esteemed members members of of the the Editorial Editorial Board Board whose whose knowledge knowledge and and guidance guidance thanks havepaved pavedthe theway wayfor forthe thepublication publicationof ofthis thisjournal journalin inNHRC’s NHRC’s30th 30thyear. year. have (ArunMishra) Mishra) (Arun Residence : 3, Thyagaraja Marg, New Delhi -110011 Residence : 3, Thyagaraja Marg, New Delhi -110011 Journal of the National Human Rights Commission, Vol. 22, 2023 v