Australian Human Rights Commission Human Rights and Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, 30 November 2023 20 United Nations’ General Assembly, ‘Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems’ (Resolution L.56, 12 October 2023). 21 See generally United Nations’ General Assembly, ‘Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems’ (Resolution L.56, 12 October 2023) 2. 22 United Nations’ General Assembly, ‘Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems’ (Resolution L.56, 12 October 2023) 2. 23 Stop Killer Robots, ‘2023 CCW falls short of the UN Secretary-General and ICRC calls for a legal instrument by 2026’ (Webpage) <https://www.stopkillerrobots.org/news/2023-ccw-falls-short-of-the-un-secretary-generaland-icrc-calls-for-a-legal-instrument-by-2026/>. 24 See generally Christof Heyns, ‘Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions’ (Report A/HRC/23/47, 09 April 2013). 25 Christof Heyns, ‘Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions’ (Report A/HRC/23/47, 09 April 2013) 21-22. 26 Christof Heyns, ‘Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions’ (Report A/HRC/23/47, 09 April 2013) 20 [107]. 27 Fionnuala Ní Aoláin, ‘Human Rights Implications of the Development, Use and Transfer of New Technologies in the Context of Counter-terrorism and Countering and Preventing Violent Extremism’ (Report A/HRC/23/47, 09 April 2013) 10 [29]. 28 Christof Heyns, ‘Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions’ (Report A/HRC/23/47, 09 April 2013); See also A/71/372; A/HRC/29/37. 29 United Nations, ‘What are Human Rights?’ (Webpage) <https://www.ohchr.org/en/what-are-human-rights>. 30 United Nations, ‘What are Human Rights?’ (Webpage) <https://www.ohchr.org/en/what-are-human-rights>. 31 International Convention on Civil and Political Rights, opened for signature 16 December 1966, 999 UNTS 171 (entered into force 23 March 1976) (ICCPR) Art 4(1), 4(2). 32 Human Rights Committee, General Comment No 29: States of Emergency (Article 4), 1950 th meeting, Un Doc CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.11 (31 August 2001) 2[3]. 33 Automated Decision Research, ‘Artificial Intelligence and Automated Decisions: Shared Challenges in the Civil and Military Spheres’ (Report, September 2022) 6. 34 Australian Human Rights Commission, ‘Final Report’ (Report, 2021) 13. 35 Australian Human Rights Commission, ‘Final Report’ (Report, 2021) 13. 36 See e.g. Joy Buolamwini and Timinit Guru, ‘Gender Shades: Intersectional Accuracy Disparities in Commercial Gender Classification’ (2018) 81 Proceedings of Machine Learning Research 1; KS Krishnapriya, Kushal Vangara, Michael C King, Vitor Albiero and Kevin Bowyer, ‘Characterizing the Variability in Face Recognition Accuracy Relative to Race’ (Conference Paper, IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops, 2019); Inioluwa Deborah Raji and Joy Buolamwini, ‘Actionable Auditing: Investigating the Impact of Publicly Naming Biased Performance Results of Commercial AI Products’ (Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Ethics, and Society, 2019). 37 Quang Pham, et al., ‘Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems. [Ethical, Legal, and Societal Issues]’ (2018) 25(1) IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine 123-126. 13