IUU fishing catch inspections, and labor rights checks. These measures ensure compliance with international standards and reinforce the oversight of foreign-flagged vessels operating in Taiwan's waters. The ILO-C188 PSC guidelines outline that labor rights inspections are planned to include the following items: minimum age compliance, health certification, rest periods, employment contracts, payment of wages, compliance with standards for onboard living quarters, and establishment of proper grievance mechanisms. These elements are all listed as key components of labor rights inspections to ensure vessels meet international labor and safety standards. “In the past, we did not inspect the labor conditions of these foreignflagged fishing vessels, particularly those operated by Taiwanese investors, when they docked in Taiwan's ports,” noted Lin. The Regulations on the Approval of Investment in or the Operation of Foreign Flag Fishing Vessels have been amended to include labor inspections as part of the approval process for investment and operations. Lin emphasized this as a significant step forward, “If there are indications of forced labor or human trafficking, we will deny investment approval or revoke existing approvals.” He further noted that, “Before the full incorporation of ILO-C188 into our legal framework, PSC serves as an advanced inter-agency cooperative mechanism that we've already implemented.” ILO-C188 tends to focus on inspections triggered by complaints; inspections of foreign-flagged fishing vessels entering a port are generally conducted when there is a substantiated complaint. However, the Fisheries Agency has set a proactive inspection coverage goal, targeting at least 15% of vessels entering ports. That said proactive, challenges remain. Taiwan has not yet ratified the ILO-C188 convention, nor have the flag States of these fishing vessels. This raises questions about the legal basis for inspecting foreign-flagged vessels. Moreover, these vessels may not be familiar with Taiwan's regulations, necessitating effective outreach and communication to ensure operators of flag-of-convenience vessels 81